• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea CI
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.64-70
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• 2007

Raman spectroscopy is known to have strong potential for providing noninvasive dermatological diagnosis of skin cancer. According to the previous work, various well known methods including maximum a posteriori probability (MAP) and multilayer perceptron networks (MLP) showed competitive results. Since even the small errors often leads to a fatal result, we investigated the method that reduces classification error perfectly by screening out some ambiguous patterns. Those ambiguous patterns can be examined by routine biopsy. We incorporated an ambiguous pattern class in MAP, linear classifier using minimum squared error (MSE), MLP and reduced coulomb energy networks (RCE). The experiments involving 216 confocal Raman spectra showed that every methods could perfectly classify BCC by screening out some ambiguous patterns. The best results were obtained with MSE. According to the experimental results, MSE gives perfect classification by screening out 8.8% of test patterns.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.19
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• pp.8051-8055
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• 2014

Background: A common genetic variant rs3757318, located in intron of C6orf97, was firstly identified to be associated with breast cancer (BC) risk by a genome-wide association (GWA) study. However, subsequent validation studies with different ethnicities have yielded conflicting results. Materials and Methods: We performed a meta-analysis to synthesize all available data for evaluating the precise effect of this variant on BC susceptibility. Results: A total of 8 articles containing 11 studies with 62,891 cases and 65,635 controls were included in this meta-analysis. When compared to the G allele, the rs3757318-A allele was significantly associated with BC risk with the pooled OR of 1.21 (95% CI=1.15 - 1.29, P<0.001) but with obvious between-study heterogeneity (P=0.040). Stratified analysis suggested that diversity of ethnicity along with control source may explain part of the heterogeneity. Similarly, significant associations were also identified in heterozygote, homozygote, dominant and recessive genetic models. Sensitivity and publication bias analyses indicated robust stability of our results. Conclusions: Our present meta-analysis demonstrated that the variant rs3757318 is associated with increased BC risk. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to clarify the underlying biological mechanisms.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.131-137
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• 2002

C-fos는 원종양유전자(proto-oncogene)인 v-fos의 세포 동족체로써, 성장인자나 신경전달 물질에 의해 수분 내에 다양한 형태의 세포에서 활성화된다. Fos단백질은 스트레스와 통증 과정의 신호전달기전에서 세포활동을 조절하는 3차전령으로 활동한다. 열충격 단백질(Heat shock protein : 이하 HSP)은 계통발생학적으로 초기 척추 동물에서부터 발현되며 생체방어체계의 중요한 인자로 세포가 고열, 외상, 허혈 등의 스트레스에 직면했을 때 발현이 증가하는 단백질로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 캡사이신(capsaicin)으로 말초 신경병변을 유발시킨 후 통각신경활성의 지표로 이용되는 원종양 유전자인 c-fos의 발현과 열 또는 스트레스로 야기되는 손상에 대한 조직의 방어작용으로 발현되는 HSP 70의 발현을 동시에 관찰함으로서, 급성으로 유발된 말초 신경병변의 확인과 동시에 실험동물 체내에서 방어적인 역할을 밝히는 일환으로 이 실험을 실시하였다. 본 실험의 결과는 다음과 같다; 1. 척수 등쪽뿔 천층(Laminae I and II)에서 각각 c-fos와 HSP70을 항원으로 하는 면역조직화학적 방법으로 염색한 표본에서 0.9% NaCI 투여 2시간 후 c-fos와 HSP70의 양성을 나타내는 세포는 전혀 없음을 알 수 있었다. 2. 척수 등쪽뿔 천층에서 c-fos 단백질을 항원으로 하는 면역조직화학적 방법으로 염색한 표본에서 Capsaicin 투여 2시간 후 c-fos 단백질에 양성을 나타내는 세포가 많이 발현됨을 육안적 관찰로서 알 수 있었다. 3. 척수 등쪽뿔 천층에서 HSP70을 항원으로 하는 면역조직화확적 방법으로 염색한 표본에서 Capsaicin 투여 2시간 후 HSP7O의 양성을 나타내는 세포가 보통수준으로 발현됨을 육안적 관찰로서 알 수 있었다. 이 실험의 결과로 볼 때, 화학적인 신경병변 유발물질에 의한 손상을 방어하기 위해서 체내에는 내인성 물질이 형성될 것이라는 추측과 c-fos 가 다른 유전자의 발현을 유도한다는 점을 함께 고려 하였을때, Capsaicin에 의한 말초 신경병변에서 c-fos 발현이 많이 나타나는 것은 손상을 방어하는 물질의 생성에 관여하기 때문이며, 방어물질 중 이 실험에서 본 HSP70도 증가한 내인성 방어물질의 하나라고 할 수 있을 것이다.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.326-332
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• 2015

Greenhouse-gas emission factors are widely used to estimate emissions arising from a defined unit of a specific activity. Such estimates are used both for international reporting to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and for a myriad of national and subnational reporting purposes. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) provides a methodology for national and sub-national estimation of known greenhouse gas emissions including $N_2O$ for each sector from which the emissions arise. The objective of this study was to develop an emission factor to estimate the direct $N_2O$ emission from an agricultural field cultivated with Chinese cabbage during spring season in 2010-2012. An estimated emission factor of $N_2O$ calculated over three years from field experiment accounting for cumulative $N_2O$ emission, nitrogen fertilization rate, and background $N_2O$ emission was $0.0056{\pm}0.00254$ (95% CI) Kg $N_2O-N/kg$ N. More extensive studies are needed to develop $N_2O$ emission factors for other upland crops in various regions of Korea because $N_2O$ emission is influenced by many factors including climate characteristics, soil properties agricultural practices and crop species.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.2419-2423
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• 2015

Background: There are few choices for treatment of advanced cancer patients who do not respond to or tolerate conventional anti-cancer treatments. Therefore this study aimed to deploy the benefits and clinical efficacy of continuous dendritic cell-cytokine induced killer cell infusions in such patients. Materials and Methods: A total of 381 infusions (from 67 advanced cases recruited) were included in this study. All patients underwent peripheral blood mononuclear cell apheresis for the following cellular therapy and dendritic cells-cytokine induced killer cells were expanded in vitro. Peripheral blood T lymphocyte subsets were quantified through flow cytometry to address the cellular immunity status. Clinical efficacy and physical activities were evaluated by RECIST criteria and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group scores respectively. Logistic regression model was used to estimate the association between cellular infusions and clinical benefits. Results: An average of $5.7{\pm}2.94{\times}10^9$ induced cells were infused each time and patients were exposed to 6 infusions. Cellular immunity was improved in that cytotoxic $CD8^+CD28^+$ T lymphocytes were increased by 74% and suppressive $CD8^+CD28^-$ T lymphocytes were elevated by 16% (p<0.05). Continuous infusion of dendritic cells-cytokine induced killer cells was associated with improvement of both patient status and cellular immunity. A median of six infusions were capable of reducing risk of progression by 70% (95%CI 0.10-0.91). Every elevation of one ECOG score corresponded to a 3.90-fold higher progression risk (p<0.05) and 1% increase of $CD8^+CD28^-$ T cell proportion reflecting a 5% higher risk of progression (p<0.05). Conclusions: In advanced cancer patients, continuous dendritic cell-cytokine induced killer cell infusions are capable of recovering cellular immunity, improving patient status and quality of life in those who are unresponsive to conventional cancer treatment.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.89-95
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• 2006

A selective and sensitive reversed-phase HPLC method for the determination of pentoxifylline in human serum was developed, validated, and applied to the pharmacokinetic study of pentoxifylline. Pentoxifylline and internal standard, chloramphenicol, were extracted from the serum by liquid-liquid extraction with dichloromethane and analyzed on a Luna CI8(2) column with the mobile phase of acetonitrile-0.034 M phosphoric acid (25:75, v/v, adjusted to pH 4.0 with 10 M NaOH). Detection wavelength of 273 nm and flow rate of 0.8 mL/min were used. This method showed linear response over the concentration range of 10-500 ng/mL with correlation coefficients greater than 0.999. The lower limit of quantification using 0.5 mL of the serum was 10 ng/mL, which was sensitive enough for pharmacokinetic studies of pentoxifylline. The overall accuracy of the quality control samples ranged from 89.3 to 92.7% for pentoxifylline with overall precision (% C.V.) being 4.1-9.2%. The relative mean recovery of pentoxifylline for human serum was 105.8%. Stability (stock solution, short and long-term) studies showed that pentoxifylline was not stable during storage. But three freeze-thaw cycles and extracted serum samples were stable. This method showed good ruggedness (within 15% C.V.) and was successfully applied for the analysis of pentoxifylline in human serum samples for the pharmacokinetic studies of orally administered $Trental^{\circledR}$ tablet (400 mg pentoxifylline), demonstrating the suitability of the method.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.335-338
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• 2004

There are numerous studies on transepithelial transports in duct cells including $Cl^-$ and/or $HCO_3^-$. However, studies on transepithelial $K^+$ transport of normal duct cells in exocrine glands are scarce. In the present study, we examined the characteristics of $K^+$ currents in single duct cells isolated from guinea pig pancreas, using a whole-cell patch clamp technique. Both $Cl^-$ and $K^+$ conductance were found with KCI rich pipette solutions. When the bath solution was changed to low $Cl^-$, reversal potentials shifted to the negative side, $-75{\pm}4\;mV$, suggesting that this current is dominantly selective to $K^+$. We then characterized this outward rectifying $K^+$ current and examined its $Ca^{2+}$ dependency. The $K^+$ currents were activated by intracellular $Ca^{2+}$. 100 nM or 500 nM $Ca^{2+}$ in pipette significantly (P<0.05) increased outward currents (currents were normalized, $76.8{\pm}7.9\;pA$, n=4 or $107.9{\pm}35.5\;pA$, n=6) at +100 mV membrane potential, compared to those with 0 nM $Ca^{2+}$ in pipette $(27.8{\pm}3.7\;pA,\;n=6)$. We next examined whether this $K^+$ current, recorded with 100 nM $Ca^{2+}$ in pipette, was inhibited by various inhibitors, including $Ba^{2+}$, TEA and iberiotoxin. The currents were inhibited by $40.4{\pm}%$ (n=3), $87.0{\pm}%$ (n=5) and $82.5{\pm}%$ (n=9) by 1 mM $Ba^{2+}$, 5 mM TEA and 100 nM iberiotoxin, respectively. Particularly, an almost complete inhibition of the current by 100 nM iberiotoxin further confirmed that this current was activated by intracellular $Ca^{2+}$. The $K^+$ current may play a role in secretory process, slnce recycling of $K^+$ is critical for the initiation and sustaining of $CI^-$ or $HCO_3^-$ secretion in these cells.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.89-98
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• 1989

In order to produce antibody for use in radioimmunoassay of gastrin in physiological concentration, four rabbits of New Zealand white were immunized with synthetic human gastrin-17-I conjugated to hemocyanin with EDC. Among them, only one rabbit produced antibody that could bind 50% of $^{125}I-gastrin$ at a final dilution of 1:25,000. $^{125}I-gastrin$ was prepared with synthetic human gastrin-17-I and $NaI^{125}$ by lactoperoxidase technique. The product was then purified on a column of Sephadex Gl5/G5O (7:3, w/w) followed by a column of DEAE sephadex A-25. The specific radioactivity of the purified $^{125}I-gastrin$ was in the range of 347-1429 ${\mu}Ci/nmole$ when determined by the self-displacement method. The effective affinity constant $(K_{eff})$, total binding sites (N), heterogeneity index $({\alpha})$ and average affinity constant $(K_{0})$ of the anti-gastrin serum calculated from Scatchard plot as well as Sips plot were $1.77{\times}10^{11}/M$, 255 nM, 0.84 and $0.79{\times}10^{11}/M$, respectively. When radioimmunoassay was performed with the anti-gastrin serum, it was confirmed that the mean concentration of gastrin immunoreactivity in plasma was increased by feeding in humans and rats, and also increased by bombesin administration in rats. The results indicate that the anti-gastrin serum produced in the present investigation is suitable for radioimmunological determination of gastrin in physiological concentration.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.115-132
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• 1969

The normal physiological values of Korean mongrel dogs were studied, comparing them with foreign references, on the basis of control physiological data measured on 110 cases out of the dogs submitted to the experiments in our department. The hemodynamic measurements varied widely between the both limits of reported normal control data, with the mean value of heart rate $140.4{\pm}26.6$/min., and both the systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressures $137.2{\pm}31.7$mmHg and $104.7{\pm}14.4$ mmHg, as well as the venous pressure of $9.11{\pm}2.18$ cm.$H_2O$. Hematologically, the number of red blood cells $4,571,000{\pm}767,000$per cu.mm., the amount of hemoglobin $11.57{\pm}3.74$ gm/dl and the hematocrit $37.3{\pm}7.2$ per cent, were equally the values a little lower than the reported normal means. However, the white blood cells were within the reported normal limits both in number, $10,384{\pm}4,877$ per cu. mm and their differential counts with slightly broader ranges of variation. The platelet count was $149,800{\pm}47,000 $per cu. mm and was also far below the normal, while the coagulation time $9.03{\pm}2.69$min. and the prothrombin time $13.17{\pm}6.52$sec were within normal limits, though a little prolonged. The serum electrolytes, Na $146.6{\pm}10.44$mEq/L.,K $4.46{\pm}0.84$mEq/L., CI $118.3{\pm}7.88$mEq/L. and Ca $11.45{\pm}5.62$mg./dl, and the blood glucose level of $94.9{\pm}31.79$mg./dl were essentially not different from the reported normal values. The serum proteins, total protein $7.15{\pm}1.41$gm/dl., albumin $4.09{\pm}0.77$gm./dl. and globulin $3.18{\pm}0.88$gm/dl. were included near the higher limits of the reported normal levels. The thymol turbidity 0.1-3.04 units were normal in 10 cases, and the cephaline flocculation was within normal range except 2 cases out of 26 dogs, showing two positive in 24 hours. And the nitrogen series, NPN $34.61{\pm}10.29$mg/dl. and BUN $12.77{\pm}6.37$mg./dl. were normal. It may be concluded that from the point of view of hereby measured physiological data compared with the foreign references, the Korean mongrel dogs have a compatible laboratory data with only the special regards to their tendency toward anemia in red blood cell series.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.551-557
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• 2015

Background: Differentiating morphologic features based on hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining is the most common method to classify pathological subtypes of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, its accuracy and inter-observer reproducibility in pathological diagnosis of poorly differentiated NSCLC remained to be improved. Materials and Methods: We attempted to explore the role of immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining in diagnosing pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma (SQCC) with poorly differentiated features by HE staining or with elevated serum adenocarcinoma-specific tumor markers (AD-TMs). We also compared the difference of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation rate between patients with confirmed SQCC and those with revised pathological subtype. Logistic regression analyses were used to test the association between different factors and diagnostic accuracy. Results: A total of 132 patients who met the eligible criteria and had adequate specimens for IHC confirmation were included. Pathological revised cases in poor differentiated subgroup, biopsy samples and high-level AD-TMs cases were more than those with high/moderate differentiation, surgical specimens and normal-level AD-TMs. Moreover, biopsy sample was a significant factor decreasing diagnostic accuracy of pathological subtype (OR, 4.037; 95% CI 1.446-11.267, p=0.008). Additionally, EGFR mutation rate was higher in patients with pathological diagnostic changes than those with confirmed SQCC (16.7% vs 4.4%, p=0.157). Conclusions: Diagnosis based on HE staining only might cause pathological misinterpretation in NSCLC patients with poor differentiation or high-level AD-TMs, especially those with biopsy samples. HE staining and IHC should be combined as pathological diagnostic standard. The occurrence of EGFR mutations in pulmonary SQCC might be overestimated.