• Title/Summary/Keyword: Na and K.

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Studies on the $K^+-dependent$ p-Nitrophenylphosphatase activity of the rat brain (백서 뇌 $K^+-dependent$ p-Nitrophenylphosphatase활성에 관한 연구)

  • Koo, Jin-Il
    • The Korean Journal of Physiology
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    • v.8 no.2
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    • pp.59-66
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    • 1974
  • In recent years much interesting information about the mechanism of the $Na^+-K^+$ activated ATPase has been obtained from investigation of the $K^+-activated$ phosphatase activity which appears to be catalysed by the same enzyme. Also several studies have indicated that a $K^+-activated p-nitrophenylphosphatase activity is intimately related to the ATPase activity. And then the exact relation of p-nitrophenylphosphatase activity to $Na^+-K^+$ ATPase activity is not known. The effects of some ions and drugs on the p-nitrophenylphosphatase activity of the rat brain were investigated and the results were summarized as follows. 1. The p-nitrophenylphosphatase was stimulated markedly by low concentrations of $K^+$, while the activity was activated slightly in the presence of $Na^+$ and oligomycin. 2. Addition of both ATP and $Na^+$ caused a remarkable increase in the activity of the $K^+-dependent$ phosphatase at low concentrations of $K^+$. 3. In the presence of $Na^+$ and low concentrations of $K^+$, oligomycin activated the p-nitrophenylphosphatase. 4. O1igomycin inhibited the stimulation of the enzyme activity caused by $Na^{+}+ATP$. 5. Ouabain inhibited the $K^+-dependent$ p-nitrophenylphosphatase activity more in the presence of ATP and $Na^+$ than in their absence. 6. Quinidine inhibited both $Na^+-K^+$ ATPase and p-nitrophenylphosphatase. These inhibitory effects of the drug were partially antagonized by increasing $K^+$ concentrations. The sensitivity of the $K^+-dependent$ p-nitrophenylphosphatase to quinidine was greater than the that of $Na^+-K^+$ ATPase.

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Germination and Growth Response of Spergularia marina Griseb by Salt Concentration (갯개미자리(Spergularia marina Griseb)의 염농도에 따른 발아 및 생장 반응)

  • Jeong, Jae-Hyeok;Kim, Sun;Lee, Jang-Hee;Choi, Weon-Young;Lee, Kyung-Bo;Cho, Kwang-Min
    • KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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    • v.59 no.2
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    • pp.139-143
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    • 2014
  • This study was conducted to investigate the germination and growth response by Salinities of Spergularia marina Griseb grown in the western coastal region in South Korea. The germination was investigated for 10 days at temperature $10^{\circ}C$, $15^{\circ}C$, $20^{\circ}C$, $25^{\circ}C$ in order to examine the germination of Spergularia marina Griseb by NaCl concentration 0.0, 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0%. The germination of NaCl concentration 0.0~1.0% was 90% over at $15^{\circ}C$ treatment, but the germination of NaCl concentration 2.0% was 0% at all temperature treatments. To identify the growth response of Spergularia marina Griseb according to the salinity, Spergularia marina Griseb was cultivated for 8 weeks in Hoagland culture medium and sea water. In nutrient solution culture, growth was best in NaCl 50mM among 0~400 mM concentrations and in 0, 12.5, 25, 50, 100% of sea water, growth was best in 12.5% (dilution ratio with fresh water) treatment. Spergularia marina Griseb's inorganic component contents according to salinity showed that $Na^+$ content increased, but contents of $K^+$, $Ca^+$, $Mg^+$ decreased. As a result, appropriate condition for Spergularia marina Griseb's germination is considered to be maintained at $15^{\circ}C$ and in less than NaCl 1.0% of salinity. When nutrient solution culture, NaCl 0.3% of treatment level is considered to be the optimum salinity.

Effects of Glibenclamide, an ATP-dependent $K^+$ Channel Blocker, on Renal Function in Dog (ATP 의존성 $K^+$ Channel 차단작용이 있는 Glibenclamide가 개의 신장기능에 미치는 영향)

  • 고석태;임광남
    • Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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    • v.7 no.3
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    • pp.249-256
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    • 1999
  • Glibenclamide(GLY)(1.0 and 3.0 mg/kg), an ATP-dependent $K^+$ channel blocker, when given into the vein in dogs, produced the diuretic action accompanied with the increase of osmolar clearance($C_{osm}$), urinary excretion of $Na^+$ and $K^+$ ($E_{Na}$, $E_K$), and with the decrease in reabsorption rates for $Na^+$ and $K^+$ in renal tubules ($R_{Na}$, $R_K$), and then ratios of $K^+$ against $Na^+$($K^+$/$Na^+$) were decreased. GLY did not affect mean arterial pressure at any doses used. At a low dose(0.1 mg/kg), GLY injected into a renal artery brought about the diurectic action in both experimental and control kidney, however at a higher dose(0.3 mg/kg), GLY appeared significant diuretic action in the control kidney, but not in experimental kidney and the decrease of glomerular filtration rates(GFR), renal plasma flow(RPF), $E_K$, and the increase in $E_{Na}$. In the control kidney, these changes in renal function exhibited the same aspect as shown in intravenous experiments. In experiments given into carotid artery of GLY(0.5 and 1.5 mg/kg), changes in all renal function included the increase in urine volume were the same pattern as shown in intravenous experiments. The above results suggest that glibenclamide produces diuretic action through central function and the action site of the GLY in kidney is the renal distal tubules in dogs.

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Effect of NaCl Treatment and Gamma Ray Irradiation on the Induction Pink Mutations in Hairs of Tradescantia Stamen (NaCl 처리와 감마선조사가 자주달개비 수술털 세포의 분홍돌연변이 유기에 미치는 영향)

  • Kim, Jin-Kyu;Kim, Won-Rok;Kim, Jae-Sung;Kim, Ki-Nam;Hong, Kwang-Phyo
    • Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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    • v.18 no.1
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    • pp.41-47
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    • 1999
  • To investigate the combined effect of gamma ray irradiation and NaCl treatment on Tradescantia somatic cell pink mutations, potted plants of Tradescantia 4430 were evenly sprayed with NaCl solution(170mM) 24 hours before irradiation(NaCl+${\gamma}$) and after irradiation(${\gamma}$+NaCl). Irradiation doses were 0.3, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 Gy of gamma-ray. The plants irradiated only with gamma radiation were used as control group(CT). Frequency of pink mutation increased linearly with irradiation close and the peak interval of elevated mutation frequencies appeared during 6∼12 days aver irradiation in all the experimental groups. The slope of dose-response curve in CT was 5.99($r^2$=0.99), while it were 4.55($r^2$=0.98) in NaCl+${\gamma}$ and 4.33($r^2$=0.99) in ${\gamma}$+NaCl. It seemed that pre- and post-treatment of NaCl had a protective effect it against radiation-induced cell damages since it decreased the slope value by more than 24%. It is suggested that protective effect on DNA damages can be invoked in irradiated stamen hair cells by NaCl treatment.

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Evaluation of Salmonella Growth at Low Concentrations of NaNO2 and NaCl in Processed Meat Products Using Probabilistic Model

  • Gwak, E.;Lee, H.;Lee, S.;Oh, M-H.;Park, B-Y.;Ha, J.;Lee, J.;Kim, S.;Yoon, Y.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.29 no.7
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    • pp.1013-1021
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    • 2016
  • This study developed probabilistic models to predict Salmonella growth in processed meat products formulated with varying concentrations of NaCl and $NaNO_2$. A five-strain mixture of Salmonella was inoculated in nutrient broth supplemented with NaCl (0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.25%, and 1.75%) and $NaNO_2$ (0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, and 120 ppm). The inoculated samples were then incubated under aerobic and anaerobic conditions at $4^{\circ}C$, $7^{\circ}C$, $10^{\circ}C$, $12^{\circ}C$, and $15^{\circ}C$ for up to 60 days. Growth (assigned the value of 1) or no growth (assigned the value of 0) for each combination was evaluated by turbidity. These growth response data were analyzed with a logistic regression to evaluate the effect of NaCl and $NaNO_2$ on Salmonella growth. The results from the developed model were compared to the observed data obtained from the frankfurters to evaluate the performance of the model. Results from the developed model showed that a single application of $NaNO_2$ at low concentrations did not inhibit Salmonella growth, whereas NaCl significantly (p<0.05) inhibited Salmonella growth at $10^{\circ}C$, $12^{\circ}C$, and $15^{\circ}C$, regardless of the presence of oxygen. At $4^{\circ}C$ and $7^{\circ}C$, Salmonella growth was not observed in either aerobic or anaerobic conditions. When $NaNO_2$ was combined with NaCl, the probability of Salmonella growth decreased. The validation value confirmed that the performance of the developed model was appropriate. This study indicates that the developed probabilistic models should be useful for describing the combinational effect of $NaNO_2$ and NaCl on inhibiting Salmonella growth in processed meat products.

Effects of ${\alpha}_1-Adrenergic$ Stimulation on Contractility and Intracellular $Na^+$ Activity of Guinea Pig Ventricular Muscles (기니픽 심근의 수축력과 세포내 $Na^+$ 활성도에 미치는 ${\alpha}_1-Adrenergic$ 수용체 자극효과)

  • Kim, Jin-Sang;Kang, Hyung-Sub;Chae, Soo-Wan;Lee, Chin-Ok
    • The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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    • v.32 no.2
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    • pp.189-199
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    • 1996
  • Myocardial ${\alpha}_1-adrenoceptors$ have been shown to mediate a biphaslc inotropic response that was characterized by a transient decline followed by a sustained increasing phase in guinea pig ventricular muscle. Recently one group reported that an ${\alpha}_1-adrenoceptors-induced$ intracellular $Na^+$ decrease is linked to fast $Na^+$ channel inhibition and another group reported that it is linked to $Na^+$-$K^+$ pump activation by ${\alpha}_{1b}-adrenoceptors$. But until now, its mechanism is not clear. Therefore, to see whether the $Na^+$channel or $Na^+-K^+$ pump is related to a decrease in intracellular $Na^+$ activity and/or the negative inotropic response, and which ${\alpha}_1-adrenoceptor$ subtype was involved in the decrease in intracellular $Na^+$activity by phenylephrine, we used conventional and sodium selective microelectrodes, and tension transducer to determine the effects of ${\alpha}_1-adrenergic$ stimulation on membrane potential, intracellular $Na^+$ activity, and twitch force in guinea pig ventricular muscles. $10^{-5}$ M Phenylephrine produced a slight hyperpolarization of the diastolic membrane potential, a decrease or increase in $a_N^i_a$, and a biphasic inotropic response. The negative inotropic response accompanied by a decrease in intracellular $Na^+$activity, whereas in muscles showing a remarkable positive inotropic response without initial negative inotropic effect was accompanied by an increase in intracellular $Na^+$ activity. The decrease in intracellular $Na^+$ activity was apparently inhibited by WB4101, an antagonist of the ${\alpha}_{1a}-adrenoceptors$. The decrease in intracellular $Na^+$ activity caused by phenylephrine was not abolished or reduced by a block of the fast $Na^+$ channels. $V_{max}$ also was not affected by phenylephrine. Phenylephrine produced an increase in intracellular $Na^+$ activity in the presence of a high concentration of extracellular $Ca^{2+}$ (in quiescent muscle) or phorbol dibutyrate, a protein kinase C activator(in beating muscle). These suggest that the ${\alpha}_{1a}-adrenoceptors-mediated$ decrease in intracellular $Na^+$ activity may be related to the protein kinase C.

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Mechanism Underlying NaF-Induced Apoptosis in Human Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

  • Hur, Young-Joo;Kim, Do-Kyun;Lee, Seung-Eun;Kim, In-Ryoung;Jeong, Na-Young;Kim, Ji-Young;Park, Bong-Soo
    • International Journal of Oral Biology
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    • v.35 no.2
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    • pp.51-60
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    • 2010
  • Few studies have evaluated the apoptosis-inducing efficacy of NaF on cancer cells in vitro but there has been no previous investigation of the apoptotic effects of NaF on human oral squamous cell carcinoma cells. In this study, we have investigated the mechanisms underlying the apoptotic response to NaF treatment in the YD9 human squamous cell carcinoma cell line. The viability of YD9 cells and their growth inhibition were assessed by MTT and clonogenic assays, respectively. Hoechst staining, DNA electrophoresis and TUNEL staining were conducted to detect apoptosis. YD9 cells were treated with NaF, and western blotting, immunocytochemistry, confocal microscopy, FACScan flow cytometry, and MMP and proteasome activity assays were performed sequentially. The NaF treatment resulted in a time- and dose-dependent decrease in YD9 cell viability, a dose-dependent inhibition of cell growth, and the induction of apoptotic cell death. The apoptotic response of these cells was manifested by nuclear condensation, DNA fragmentation, the reduction of MMP and proteasome activity, a decreased DNA content, the release of cytochrome c into the cytosol, the translocation of AIF and DFF40 (CAD) into the nucleus, a significant shift of the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, and the activation of caspase-9, caspase-3, PARP, Lamin A/C and DFF45 (ICAD). Furthermore, NaF treatment resulted in the downregulation of G1 cell cyclerelated proteins, and upregulation of p53 and the Cdk inhibitor $p27^{KIP1}$. Taken collectively, our present findings demonstrate that NaF strongly inhibits YD9 cell proliferation by modulating the expression of G1 cell cycle-related proteins and inducing apoptosis via mitochondrial and caspase pathways.

The Removal Rate of the Constituents of the Litters in the Aquatic Plant Ecosystems II. N, P, K, Ca and Na of the Litter in Phragmites longivalvis Grassland in the Deltaof the Nakdong River (수생식물 생태계에 있어서 낙엽의 구성성분의 유실률 II.낙동강 삼각주 지역의 갈대초지에 있어서 낙엽의 N,P,K,Ca 및 Na)

  • 장남기;안병하
    • Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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    • v.9 no.4
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    • pp.343-350
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    • 1995
  • Samples from the L, F, H and $A_1$ horizons of the Phragmites longivalvis grassland were collected in a delta of the Nakdong River and the removal rates of N, P, K, Ca and Na were investigated. The results obtained in this study can be abstracted as follows; The removal fractions of N, P, K, Ca and Na of the litter were 0.56, 1.22, 1.95, 0.65 and 0.53, respectively. The half times of N, P, K, Ca and Na required for the remove or accumulation of the litter on the grassland floor were 1.23, 0.57, 0.36, 1.06 and 1.32 years, respectively. The increasing order of the turnover parameters of the elements was Na, N, Ca, P and K.

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Relation Dietary and Urinary Na, K, and Ca Level to Blood Pressure in Elderly People in Rural Area (일부 농촌지역 노인들의 식이성 Na, K, Ca 섭취량 및 소변배설량 및 혈압과의 상관성)

  • 곽은희;이수림;이혜상;권인숙
    • Journal of Nutrition and Health
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    • v.36 no.1
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    • pp.75-82
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    • 2003
  • It has been considered that high Na intake, and low Ca/K intake are related to the incidence of hypertension. In this preliminary study, dietary Na, K, and Ca intake and their urinary excretion in rural area in Kyungpook province were measured to recognize the relationship between those blood pressure-related minerals and blood pressure regulation in elderly people in rural area of South Korea. Sixty eight subjects (male 39, female 29) aged over 60 were randomly selected in rural area in South Korea. Blood pressure and soup saltness were measured, and dietary intake using 24 hours recall and urinary excretion of Na, K and Ca were measured. Depending on the blood pressure level, the data were analyzed using non-parametric ANOVA of Kruskal Wallis analysis on the basis of categorizing of one of four blood pressure groups, such as normal, high normal, hypertension I and hypertension II. Mean systolic (124.2$\pm$15.1 mmHg) and diastolic (79.0$\pm$10.2 mmHg) blood pressures were within the normal range. Soup saltiness and systolic pressure was positively correlated (p < 0.05). Even without statistical significance, dietary Na intake was higher in the upper systolic blood pressure groups then in the lower ones, which suggested higher Na intake caused the increase of blood pressure. No consistency was shown between the urinary concentration of Na, K, Ca level and blood pressure level, respectively. From the results of this study, it is assumed that high Na intake might be related to the incidence of hypertension. Further study with large sample size is needed to supplement the limitation of this preliminary study. (Korean J Nutrition 36 (1) : 75-82, 2003)

The Effect of Sodium Chloride on the Quality of Cheese and Upcoming Technologies for Manufacturing Reduced-Sodium Cheeses: A Review (Sodium Chloride가 치즈의 품질에 미치는 영향과 저염치즈 개발 기술: 총설)

  • Chon, Jung-Whan;Kim, Hyun-Sook;Kim, Dong-Hyeon;Kim, Hong-Seok;Song, Kwang-Young;Jeong, Dong-Gwan;Kim, Soo-Ki;Seo, Kun-Ho
    • Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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    • v.33 no.1
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    • pp.47-57
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    • 2015
  • Sodium is an essential nutrient with very important functions, including regulation of the extracellular fluid volume and active transport of molecules across the cell membranes. Since high levels of dietary sodium are associated with a high prevalence of hypertension, prehypertension, and other adverse effects on health, many national and international health organizations (WHO, FAO, etc.) recommend that sodium intake should be significantly decreased. In developed nations, cheese products, from among many processed foods, can cause high salt intake. Hence, there is an urgent need to reduce the content of salt in cheese processing, using various substitutes of sodium chloride (NaCl). In general, salt (NaCl) has been used as a food preservative to limit and (or) kill the growth of foodborne pathogens and spoilage organisms by decreasing the water activity, and to improve texture and flavor. To maintain public health, the salt content in cheese should be decreased without influencing the physicochemical properties of cheese. Therefore, the objective of this review is to outline the upcoming technologies used to reduce the salt content in different types of cheese using various substitutes.

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