• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2009

This research was initiated to investigate the revegetation characteristics under the seeding amount treatments of cool-season turfgrasses on the disturbed slope. 4 different seeding amounts of cool-season turfgrasses (0.0 $g/m^2$, 1.5 $g/m^2$, 3.0 $g/m^2$, 6.0 $g/m^2$) with the same seeding amounts of native woody (Rhus chinensis, Albizzia julibrissin) and herbaceous plants (Lotus corniculatus var. japonicus, Dianthus sinensis, Aster yomena) were treated with 3 replications on the experimental disturbed slope. Data such as soil hardness (mm), moisture content (%), surface coverage rate (%), the number of each germinating plant and plant height were analyzed. There were no statistic differences observed in the soil hardness and the soil moisture content while a significant difference was observed in the surface coverage rates. The surface coverage rates were higher in 3.0 $g/m^2$ and 6.0 $g/m^2$ plots compared to the rest two plots of cool-season turfgrasses. However, the emergence of native woody and herbaceous plants was relatively low in 3.0 $g/m^2$ and 6.0 $g/m^2$ plots of high seeding amounts of cool-season turfgrasses. This result indicated that high seeding amounts of cool-season turfgrasses could decrease the emergence of native woody and herbaceous plants. We concluded that 1.5 g~3.0 $g/m^2$ seeding amounts of cool-season turfgrasses was optimum level for the balanced emergence of cool-season turfgrasses, native woody and herbaceous plants in the viewpoint of the ecological disturbed slope revegetation.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.201-214
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• 2015

This study was conducted to identify forest topsoil's usefulness from July 2013 to Oct 2014. Generally, there are abundant seeds in topsoils and it can be used at restoration works. Mt. GARIWANG is famous for biodiversity in Korea. This study was aimed to find out the suitable utilization methods of natural topsoils for restoration works at sky-slopes construction sites. Test beds was made to identify suitable collecting times and suitable topsoil thickness. The main results are summarized as follows. First, Mt. GARIWANG have diverse species and in topsoils we can find lots of burried seeds which can be used at restoration works. Second, according to indoor experiment, as the depth of topsoil used thicker, the number of plants and coverage rates were increased. Also, there were no distinct differences in coverage rates between 5cm and 8cm thick topsoil plots and it can be possible to use at least 3cm thick topsoils even thou lower coverage rates. Third, as the results of research about indoor and outdoor experimental plots, there were difference in plant emergency. If we use the stabilizer to protect soil erosion, then we can get more increased results at sloped outdoor experimental plots. Fourth, based on environmental impact assessment, there was 389 species in whole region of Mt. GARIWANG. Through this seed bank experiments, we can find 23 varieties, including 4 tree varieties and 19 herbaceous varieties. We can find lots of native herbaceous species from topsoils. Fifth, this research was done at the specific area of Mt. GARIWANG and used limited topsoils. But we monitoring more longer periods, then there will be more useful outcomes. Finally by researching topsoils of Mt. GARIWANG, we can find diverse native plants. Thus, we must reuse natural topsoils of Mt. Gariwang for restoration of original vegetation.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제99권2호
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• pp.172-178
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• 2010

The status of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal colonization in Pinus thunbergii seedlings was investigated 2 years after planting in an eastern coastal area of Korea. We established three $10{\times}10$ m plots at a P. thunbergii plantation in Gangneung and sampled lateral roots from 10 seedlings in each plot. ECMs were classified into morphological groups and the number of root tips of each morphotype was counted. In total, 8 ECM morphotypes were observed and fungal species that form each morphotype were identified by sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the nuclear rDNA. Suillus granulatus was the most abundant species (44.1-65.7% of relative abundance) in all plots, followed by Tomentella ellisii (14.0-37.8%) and unidentified fungus belonged to Atheliaceae (10.6-20.1%). These 3 fungal species accounted for almost all of the ECM abundance in each plot (94.9-99.8%). The remaining 5 fungal species were uncommon and rare. There was no clear difference in ECM fungal communities among plots. Community structure of ECM fungi in the young P. thunbergii plantation was simple and composed of fungal species that were also observed in mature coastal pine forests.

• 응용통계연구
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.761-772
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• 2021

모의실험 결과를 보통 표나 그림으로 보고한다. 하지만 모의실험이 다양한 조건에서 실시되었고 실험조건마다 추정량의 성능 우위에 대한 결과가 다르면 표와 그림만으로 추정량의 성능을 비교하기가 어렵다. 또한 실행시간이 오래 걸리는 모의실험의 경우 모의실험 반복횟수를 크게 하기 어렵다. 회귀모형을 이용하여 모의실험 결과를 분석하면 보다 체계적이고 효과적으로 추정량의 성능을 비교할 수 있다. 이때 실험조건과 추정량에 따라 성능의 변동이 다를 수 있으므로 회귀모형에서 오차항의 이분산성을 허용해야 하며, 여러 개의 추정량을 동시에 비교해야 하므로 다중비교를 실시해야 한다. 모의실험 결과에 대한 분석이라는 맥락에서 이분산성과 다중비교에 대한 배경이론을 소개하고 예시를 통해 구체적 분석방법도 제시한다.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.294-304
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• 2013

To improve the integrated pest management (IPM) of hot pepper, field study was conducted in Hwasung from 2010 to 2012 and an IPM system was developed to help growers decide when to apply pesticides to control anthracnose, tobacco budworm, Phytophthora blight, bacterial wilt, and bacterial leaf spot. The three field treatments consisted of IPM sprays following the forecast model advisory, a periodic spray at 7-to-10-day intervals, and no spray (control). The number of annual pesticide applications for the IPM treatment ranged from six to eight, whereas the plots subjected to the periodic treatment received pesticide 11 or 12 times annually for three years. Compared to the former strategy, our improved IPM strategy features more intense pest management, with frequent spraying for anthracnose and mixed spraying for tobacco budworm or Phytophthora blight. The incidences for no pesticide control in 2010, 2011, and 2012 were 91, 97.6, and 41.4%, respectively. Conversely, the incidences for the IPM treatment for those years were 7.6, 62.6, and 2%, and the yields from IPM-treated plots were 48.6 kg, 12.1 kg, and 48.8 kg. The incidence and yield in the IPM-treated plots were almost the same as those of the periodic treatment except in 2011, in which no unnecessary sprays were given, meaning that the IPM control was quite successful. From reviewing eight years of field work, sophisticated forecasts that optimize pesticide spray timing reveal that reliance on pesticides can be reduced without compromising yield. Eco-friendly strategies can be implemented in the pest management of hot pepper.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.147-153
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• 1975

의약용 Capsuel에 넣은 입제형 살충제 BPMC, Carbofuran, Cartap, Chlorphenamidine-HCl, Cytrolane, Diazinon의 단일회 수도근부처리로서 수도 전생육기간에 걸친 이화멸충, 멸구, 매미충류 및 Virus 병의 방제효과를 검정하기 위해 포장시험을 실시하여 아래와 같은 결과를 얻었다. (1) 이화명충은 발생이 적었기 때문에 약제간에 큰 차이는 볼 수 없었지만 약제처리후 50일에서 이화명충 1화기 심고경율 Cartap 0, Carbofuran 0.1, Chlorphenamidine 0.4, Cytrolane 0.5, BPMC 1.8, Diazinon 2.2이었으며 2화기 백수율은 BPMC에서 $1.2\%$이었을 뿐 그밖에 약제처리구에서는 백수가 없었다. (2) 끝동매미충과 애멸구에 대해서는 BPMC와 Diazinon 처리구에서 비교적 낮은 밀도를 보였다. 벼멸구에 대해서는 BPMC와 Carbofuran에서 서식밀도가 현저히 낮아 그 방제효과가 좋았으나 Cartap, Chlorphenamidine, Cytrolane 및 Diazinon의 효과는 거의 기대할 수 없었다. (3) 오갈병의 발병주율은 Carbofuran이 $2.4\%$, Cytrolane $4.5\%$, Chlorphenamidine $7.9\%$, Diazinon $8.0\%$ BPMC$8.1\%$, Cartap $14.5\%$, Diazinon 입제수면 시용 $7.8\%$, 무처리 $13.1\%$로서 Carbofuran 처리구에서 오갈병의 발병율이 가장 낮았다. 줄무늬잎마름병의 발생은 전혀 없었는데 그 원인은 통일벼는 줄무늬잎마름병에 저항성품종이기 때문인 것 같다. (4) 벼의 수량은 무처리 5,814kg/ha에 비하여 Carbofuran 6,649kg, Cytrolane 6,340kg, BPMC 6,315kg, Chlorphenamidine 6,265kg, Cartap 6,164kg, Diazinon 5,944kg, Diazinon 입제 수면시용 6,102kg로서 Carbofuran 처리구에서 벼의 수량이 가장 높았다. (5) Carbofuran 처리구에서 높은 수량을 보인 것은 Carbofuran 처리구에서 멸구, 매미충류의 밀도가 낮았고 오갈병의 발병율이 낮은데서 온 결과인 것 같다.

• 아시안잔디학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.201-212
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• 1999

In use of pesticides in golf courses has been increased steadily. Environmental concern as well as decrease in efficiency led the turfgrass management into an alternate approach of using beneficial microorganism to deal with turfgrass pests. This study was focused on the use of such microorganisms for improving cultural environment and minimizing the use of pesticides. Microorganisms antagonistic to turfgrass diseases were applied to zoysiagrass fairways and creeping bentgrass greens in Yusung country club. Tharch accumulation, disease occurrence, and other cultural environments were compared among the combinations of microorganisms and suppliemental N applications. The application of microorganisms antagonistic to turfgrass diseases improved turf resiliency. Thatch thickness was 3.03cm in the control plot but it was 2.11cm in plots treated by microorganisms, indicating significant effects of microorganism application on reduction of thatch accumulation. Number of microorganism that can decompose of cellulose was higher at the plots treated with useful microbial products and it was considered that existence of higher population of microorganisms resulted in reduction of thatch accumulation. In the evaluation of relationship between thatch accumulation and disease occurrence, greater thatch accumulation was observed at the golf courses which have been frequently infested by large patch. However, the rate of thatch accumulation varied among surveyed golf courses regardless of the year of turf establishment. Therefore, management practice which can be effective for reduction of thatch could result in large patch suppression. The application of microorganisms on the established turfgrasses reduced the occurrence rate of pythium blight and yellow path diseases, whereas occurrence of brown patch and dollar spot increased.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제43권6호
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• pp.945-953
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• 2010

영광지역에서 양돈분뇨 발효액비를 활용한 벼 재배 현장평가를 통하여 가축분뇨 발효액비의 시용이 벼의 생육특성, 수량, 수량구성요소, 쌀 품질, 토양화학성에 미치는 영향을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 공시 양돈분뇨 액비의 총질소 함량은 2,881 mg $L^{-1}$이었다. 토양화학성 변화 중 pH는 양돈분뇨 발효액비 처리구와 화학비료 처리구 간에 일정한 경향을 보이지 않았으나, EC와 유기물은 화학비료 처리구 보다 양돈분뇨 발효액비 처리구에서 높은 경향을 나타내었다. 양돈분뇨 발효액비 시용 후의 토양의 치환성 칼륨 함량은 화학비료 처리구보다 낮은 경향을 보였다. 양돈분뇨 발효액비 시용에 따른 논토양의 중금속함량은 높아지지 않았으며, 시험 후 토양의 구리와 아연 함량은 토양환경보전법의 토양오염 기준치 이하였다. 분얼기인 이앙 후 30일, 유수형성기인 이앙 후 80일, 수확기인 이앙 후 110일에 평균 초장 및 경수는 양돈분뇨 발효액비 처리구와 화학비료 처리구에서 유의성 있는 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 주당수수는 백수, 법성, 염산의 3개 지역 모두에서 양돈분뇨 발효액비 처리구와 화학비료 처리구간의 유의성 있는 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 등숙률은 백수, 군남, 법성의 3개 지역의 양돈분뇨 발효액비 처리구에서 80.3~84.9%로 화학비료 처리구 78.4~82.6% 보다 유의성 있는 증가를 보였다. 정조수량은 백수와 군남 지역에서는 양돈분뇨 발효액비 처리구와 화학비료 처리구간의 유의성 있는 차이가 나타나지 않았지만, 영광과 염산 지역에서는 양돈분뇨 발효액비 처리구에서 695.3~722.6 kg $10a^{-1}$로 화학비료 처리구 730.5~735.5 kg $10a^{-1}$보다 유의성 있게 낮은 수량을 나타내었다. 도복율은 영광과 염산 지역에서는 양돈분뇨 발효액비 처리구에서 1.9~2.2%로, 화학비료 처리구 0.4~1.2% 보다 유의성 있게 높은 수치를 나타내었다. 백수, 군남, 법성, 염산의 4개 지역에서 백미의 단백질 함량은 양돈분뇨 발효액비 처리구와 화학비료 처리구간의 유의성 있는 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 따라서, 양돈분뇨 발효액비를 벼에 대한 기준시비량 11 kg N $10a^{-1}$를 기준으로 균일 살포하였을 때 화학비료 시용과 비교해서 생육 (초장, 경수), 수량 및 미질 면에서 큰 차이가 나지 않음을 나타내었다.

• 한국연초학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.51-59
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• 1982

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of fertilization level, additional dressing time and form of nitrogen on the growth and formation of Alkaloid in flue-cured tobacco. The results are abstracted as follows. Length and width of harvested leaves, area of a leaf, leaf area per plant, number of harvested leaves, weight of a leaf, and leaf weight of a plant were larger in the $NO_3$-N plot than $NH_4$-N plot. Length, width and area of the middle leaves increased by additional dressing on 7 days before topping, but the dry weight Per unit leaf area of those was decreased. Leaf shape was broaden in additional dressing plots in comparison with 100% of basal dressing plot, but there is no difference among the additional dressing plots. And the smallest leaf shape index was shown at upper leaves in 100% of basal dressing Plot. Leaf weight of a Plaint was the highest in 12kg/10a Plot among $NO_3$-N form and in 12kg/10a plot among $NH_4$-N form. Total Alkaloid content was higher in $NH_4$-N plot between fertilization forms, and highest in 15kg/10a plot among fertilization levels and at the position of middle and upper leaves in the plot of 7 days before topping among additional dressing times.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.75-84
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• 2023

Background: Knowledge of the spatial trends of plant invasions in different habitats is essential for a better understanding of the process of these invasions. We examined the variation in invasive alien plant species (IAS) richness and composition at two spatial scales defined by elevation and habitat types (roadside, forest, and cultivated lands) in the Makawanpur district of Nepal. Following an elevation gradient ranging from 500 to 2,400 m asl along a mountain road, plant species cover was recorded within sample plots of size 10 m × 5 m. Systematic random sampling was adopted in every 100 m elevation intervals on three habitat types. Results: Altogether 18 invasive alien plants belonging to eight families were recorded within 60 plots, of which 14 species (representing 80%) were from tropical North and South America. The most common plants by their frequency were Ageratina adenophora, Chromolaena odorata, Bidens pilosa, Lantana camara, and Parthenium hysterophorus. We found a significant relationship between species composition and elevation in the study area. Low-elevation regions had a higher number of alien species as compared to high-elevation regions within different habitat types. Conclusions: The species richness and density of IAS were higher in the road site followed by the cultivated land and forest sites. This pattern occurred throughout the elevation range and habitats. IAS were found mostly in the open land with high sunlight availability. Information from such scientific assessment of invasive alien plants will assist in developing appropriate management plans in the Makawanpur district.