• Plant Biotechnology Reports
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.29-35
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• 2010

NPR1 is a positive regulator of systemic acquired resistance in Arabidopsis and rice. Expression of the rice gene OsNPR1 is induced by salicylic acid (SA). To identify the region of the OsNPR1 promoter involved in response to SA, we carried out deletion mutagenesis of the region 1005 bp upstream of the OsNPR1 start codon. Ciselement analysis revealed that the OsNPR1 promoter contains W-boxes and ASF1 motifs, both of which are known to be functional cis-elements of the WRKY and bZIP proteins, respectively. The deletion constructs 1005:LUC and 752:LUC, were induced by up to 4.3- and 3.8-fold, respectively, following SA treatment, suggesting that W-boxes and ASF1 motifs may play an important role in the strong induction of these constructs by SA. Using mutation analysis, we also showed that both the W-box and ASF1 motif are necessary for SA-induced expression of OsNPR1.

• 터널과지하공간
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.41-49
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• 2011

본 연구는 침관입시험을 이용하여 연약암반에 대한 일축압축강도를 추정하기 위한 연구결과를 나타낸 것이다. 침관입시험을 위한 인공암반의 배합비는 시멘트(C):벤토나이트(B):물(W) = 1.3:0.7:2.3 또는 1.5:0.5:2.0이 적절한 것으로 나타났다. 침관입시험에 의해 측정된 침관입저항력(NPR)과 이로부터 추정된 일축압축강도(UCS) 관계에서 NPR과 UCS는 양생기간이 길어짐에 따라 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 또한 침관입시험에 의해 측정된 NPR과 실제 시험에서 얻어진 UCS 관계에서는 NPR-UCS가 배합비와 상관없이 양생기간이 3일~14일까지는 선형적으로 증가하다가 14일~28일에서는 NPR-UCS가 작은 차이를 보이지만 거의 일정한 관계로 나타났다. 결론적으로 전체적인 NPR-UCS의 관계는 대체적으로 선형적인 관계를 보이며, 이것은 연약암반의 경우 침관입 시험에 의한 NPR로부터 일축압축강도를 추정하는 것이 가능함을 의미한다.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.281-292
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• 2016

Plants can recognize and respond in various ways to diverse environmental stresses, including pathogenic microorganisms, salt, drought, and low temperature. Salicylic acid (SA) is one phytohormone that plays important roles in the regulation of plant growth and development. Nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related genes 1 (NPR1) was originally identified as a core protein that could function as a transcriptional co-regulator and SA receptor during systemic acquired resistance (SAR), a plant immune response that could activate PR genes after pre-exposure of a pathogen. Although the function of NPR1 in plant defense response and the role of SA hormone in the regulation of plant physiological processes have been well characterized, the biological role of NPR1 in plant abiotic stress responses is largely unknown. In this review, we will summarize and discuss the current understanding of NPR1 function in response to plant environmental stresses.

• 한국조리학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.259-269
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• 2011

본 연구는 노니(Noni)에 10% 물을 첨가한 Noni 90, 1% 홍삼(NG), 4% 복분자(NR), 5% 석류(NP)와 5%석류와 4% 복분자를 첨가한 NPR의 음료를 개발하여 이화학적 성분과 품질 특성을 분석하였다. 열량, 단백질과 총식이섬유소 함량은 NR, NP, NPR이 높았다. 총당의 함량은 NG, NPR이 유의적으로 높았다. 지방, 콜레스테롤, 포화지방은 불검출 되었다. 칼슘과 나트륨 함량은 NG, 철은 NG, NR, NPR가 유의적으로 높았다. pH는 NG와 NP, 당도는 NP와 NPR에서 유의적으로 증가하였다. L값과 b값은 NG, NP, NR이 낮아졌으며, a값은 NG, NR의 경우 증가하였다. 일반세균수는 0/ml이었으며, 대장균군과 대장균 0157:H7는 모두 음성이었다. 관능검사 결과 색은 NPR, 맛과 전체적인 조화도는 NG, NR, NP 혼합음료가 유의적으로 높았다. 신맛, 단맛, 향미는 노니원액과 혼합음료 간에 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 입에서 느끼는 질감은 NP와 NPR이 유의적으로 높았다. 이상의 결과와 같이 노니 원액이나 희석액 보다는 홍삼, 복분자, 석류를 첨가한 혼합음료가 바람직하다.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.192-194
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• 2015

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) activate mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), essential components of plant defense signaling. Salicylic acid (SA) is also central to plant resistance responses, but its specific role in regulation of MAPK activation is not completely defined. We have investigated the role of SA in PAMP-triggered MAPKs pathways in Arabidopsis SA-related mutants, specifically in the flg22-triggered activation of MPK3 and MPK6. cim6, sid2, and npr1 mutants exhibited wild-type-like flg22-triggered MAPKs activation, suggesting that impairment of SA signaling has no effect on the flg22-triggered MAPKs activation. Pretreatment with low concentrations of SA enhanced flg22-induced MPK3 and MPK6 activation in all seedlings except npr1, indicating that NPR1 is involved in SA-mediated priming that enhanced flg22-induced MAPKs activation.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.311-316
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• 1997

Two methods were used to detrermine the net photosynthetic rate(NPR) in the plug stand using a wind tunnel for plug seedlings Production. One is called as the integration method in which NPR calculated by the use of air current speed and $CO^2$ concentration measured at any heights above the medium surface in a wind tunnel were summed. It was assumed that the air flow at any layer did not mix with the lower or upper air layer. The other is called as the diffusion method in which eddy diffusivities above the plug stand were used to determine the NPR in the plug stand. In this method, $CO^2$ above or inside the plug stand was assumed to be absorbed vertically. NPR determined by the diffusion method was 28~45% of the NPR calculated by the integration method. Considering the magnitude of NPR and the effects of the air current speed on NPR, the integration method would be adequate for the calculation of NPR in the plug stand. Maximum NPR determined using the integration method appeared at the air current speed of 0.7m $s^{-1}$. It was ascribed to the decreased diffusion resistances of $CO^2$ with the increasing air current speed. NPR at the rear region in plug stand was 20~34% lower than that at the front region. NPR sharply decreased with the increase of an elapsed time after the beginning of photoperiod. Therefore $CO^2$ enrichment would be effective to force the growth of plug seedlings in a semi-closed ecological system under artificial lighting.

• 한국게임학회 논문지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.59-70
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• 2008

게임 그래픽은 컴퓨터 그래픽의 한 분야로서 비약적인 기술발전으로 끊임없는 시도와 연구를 통해 표현 기법의 다양성을 추구하고 있다. 게임 그래픽의 렌더링 방식도 크게 두 가지 분야로 구분된다. 사진과 같은 정확한 영상을 구현하는 사실적 렌더링(Photorealistic rendering)기법과, 사람의 감성과 예술성이 표현되는 비사실적 렌더링(꾜PR: Non-Photorealistic rendering)기법이다. 본 논문에서는 게임 그래픽에서 사용되는 비사실적 렌더링(NPR)기법에 대하여 각각의 제작사례에 대한 분석과 특징을 조사하였다. 그리고 게임 그래픽을 예술적인 측면으로 접근하여 다양한 효과들을 제안하였다. 이러한 연구를 통해 최근의 비사실적 렌더링(NPR)기법의 적용성과 장단점을 파악하여 좀 더 감성적이고 친근하며 예술적인 게임을 제작 할 수 있도록 하는데 목적이 있다.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.68-73
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• 1996

An nprX gene of Bacillus subtilis NS15-4 encoding a neutral protease was cloned and its molecular characteristics were analyzed. The complete nucleotide sequence indicated that there is an open reading frame (0RF) possibly encoding 521 amino acid polypeptide. The ORF used all codons expected two cysteine and a proline having a codon bias index (CBI) of 0.09 in Escherichia coli. There were homologous sequences to the consensus sequence of -35 and -10 regions of E. coli promoters and to a Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence located 25 bp downstream of a mojor transcription initiation site. Moreover, there were also five minor transcription initiation sites at 6. 7. 8. 14 and 15 nt downstream of the major site. Northern blot analysis revealed the presence of about 1.8 kb mRNA transcript in E. coli having the nprX gene. The nucleotide sequence was identified in GenBank to be a gene for a neutral protease of B. sutilis with six nucleotide difference in the ORF region. The flanking regions of the NprX ORF showed much more differences form those of other neutral protease genes except the nprE gene of B. subtilis, which has the most homology to the nprX gene, and of which the flanking regions were identical to those of the nprX gene.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.983-989
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• 2017

NADPH-P450 reductase (NPR) transfers electrons from NADPH to cytochrome P450 and heme oxygenase enzymes to support their catalytic activities. This protein is localized within the endoplasmic reticulum membrane and utilizes FMN, FAD, and NADPH as cofactors. Although NPR is essential toward enabling the biochemical and pharmacological analyses of P450 enzymes, its production as a recombinant purified protein requires a series of tedious efforts and a high cost due to the use of $NADP^+$ in the affinity chromatography process. In the present study, the rat NPR clone containing a $6{\times}$ Histidine-tag (NPR-His) was constructed and heterologously expressed. The NPR-His protein was purified using $Ni^{2+}$-affinity chromatography, and its functional features were characterized. A single band at 78 kDa was observed from SDS-PAGE and the purified protein displayed a maximum absorbance at 455 nm, indicating the presence of an oxidized flavin cofactor. Cytochrome c and nitroblue tetrazolium were reduced by purified NPR-His in an NADPH-dependent manner. The purified NPR-His successfully supported the catalytic activities of human P450 1A2 and 2A6 and fungal CYP52A21, yielding results similar to those obtained using conventional purified rat reductase. This study will facilitate the use of recombinant NPR-His protein in the various fields of P450 research.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2009

Sodium retention is a hallmark of nephrotic syndrome. We investigated whether sodium retention is associated with changes of natriuretic peptide system at different stages (i.e., a sodium retaining stage and a compensatory stage) of nephrotic syndrome. At day 7 after PAN(puromycin aminonucleoside) injection, the urinary excretion of sodium was decreased, along with the development of ascites and positive sodium balance. The plasma and urinary ANP(atrial natriuretic peptide) immunoreactivities were increased. ANP mRNA expression was increased in the heart and kidney, whereas that of NPR(natriuretic peptide receptor)-A and NPR-C mRNA was decreased in the kidney. The expression of NEP was decreased in the kidney. At day 14, urinary excretion of sodium did not differ from the control. The plasma ANP level and heart ANP mRNA expression returned to their control values. The expression of ANP mRNA in the kidney was increased in association with increased urinary ANP immunoreactivities. The expression of NPR-A in the kidney became normal, whereas that of NPR-C kept decreased. The expression of NEP(neutral endopeptidase) remained decreased. These findings suggest that the increased renal ANP synthesis in association with decreased metabolism via NEP and NPR-C may play a compensatory role against the development of sodium retention in nephrotic syndrome. The decreased of NPR-A expression in the kidney may contribute to the ANP resistance at day 7. The subsequent recovery of NPR-A expression may play a role in promoting sodium excretion in later stage(at day 14).