• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.38-44
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• 2002

The effect of lime on plant availability of heavy metals in soils amended with industrial sewage sludge (ISS) or pig manure compost (PMC) was investigated. A pot experiment with Altari radish (Raphanus sativus) was conducted. Industrial sewage sludge and Pig manure compost were added at 25 and 50 Mg/ha, and lime was added at 3 Mg/ha. Heavy metal contents of ISS treated soils after experiment were higher than those in control (NPK plot) and PMC treatment. Specially, the contents of copper, zinc, nickel and chromium in the 50 Mg/ha of ISS treated soils were higher 12$\sim$48 times than those in control. Copper, zinc, and nickel contents in Altari radish leaves cultivated at the ISS treated soil exceeded the critical levels of plant toxicity. Copper, zinc, and nickel contents in Altari radish loaves and roots cultivated at the ISS treated soil were reduced by the addition of lime. Copper, zinc, and nickel contents in Altari radish loaves were negatively correlated with soil pH after experiment. It concluded that liming would reduce the uptake of heavy metals by plants and be a temporary method of reclamation at the highly heavy metal accumulated soils by ISS.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.39-45
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• 1976

The content of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium of hulled barley grown on farmer's field with various N.P.K rates were investigated at various growth stages. Correlation analyses between N.P.K contents and yield and use efficiency of N.P.K and other results were as follows. 1. According to concentration and its change at various growth stages N is similar to K and P, Ca, Mg are similar each other. 2. Yield showed significant positive correlation in most fields with nitrogen content just after thawing. However P and N content were more significantly correlated with yield just before freezing in Kangwon and Chungnam (northern and central province). At the other growth stages negative correlation trend was shown between yield and P, especially K. 3. N.P.K contents in plant increased with the increase of fertilizer rate clearly in early growth stage, and especially in nitrogen, indicating that N was relatively short than P and K in the later stage. N and K contents at various fertilizer rates also indicated a probable competition between them. 4. Fertilizer recovery (use efficiency) decreased in the order of N (55)>K (27)>P (12%) and that of N tended to increase with yield increase. 5. Most effective growth stage for nutritional diagnosis in relation to yield appears to be just after thawing or just before freezing. Nutritional criteria for N.P.K at various growth stages were proposed.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.22-29
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• 2015

The objectives of this study were to monitor the changes in soil solution nutrients and to evaluate their effect on rice uptake and yield. The changes of chemical characteristics of paddy soil solution were examined from the 58th fertilization experiment in which the continuous rice cropping experiment started in 1954 at the National Academy of Agricultural Science. The treatments were no fertilization (No fert.), inorganic fertilization (NPK), inorganic fertilizer plus rice straw compost (NPKC) and inorganic fertilizer plus silicate and lime fertilizer as a soil amendment (NPKCLS). The fertilizers were added at rates of standard fertilizer application rate in which nitrogen (N), phosphate ($P_2O_5$), potassium ($K_2O$), and sililcate ($SiO_2$) were applied at rates of $75{\sim}150kg\;ha^{-1}$, $70{\sim}86kg\;ha^{-1}$, $75{\sim}86kg\;ha^{-1}$, and $7.5Mg\;ha^{-1}$ respectively and lime was applied to neutralize soil acidity until 6.5. Average Electrical Conductivity (EC) of soil solution in NPKCLS and NPKC ranged from 1.16 to $2.00dS\;m^{-1}$. The $NH{_4}^+$ and $K^+$ levels in NPKCLS and NPKC were higher than that of the other treatments, due to high supply power of rice straw compost. The content of $H_3SiO{_4}^-$ was higher in NPKCLS because of silicate application. The dominant ions in soil solution were $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$ and $Na^+$ among cations and $HCO{_3}^-$, $SO{_4}^{2-}$, and $Cl^-$ among anions in all treatments. The continuous application of inorganic fertilizers plus rice straw compost (NPKC) and silicate fertilizer (NPKCLS) led to the changes of various chemical composition in soil solutions. Also, they had a significant impact on the improvement of rice inorganic uptake and grain yield. Especially, inorganic uptake by rice in NPKC and NPKCLS significantly increased than those in NPK plot; 14~46% for T-N, 32~36% for P, 43~57% for K, and 45~77% for Si. Therefore, the combined application of inorganic fertilizers with organic compost as a soil amendment is considered as the best fertilization practice in the continuous rice cropping for the improvement of crop productivity and soil fertility.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.801-807
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• 2011

This study was carried out to evaluate effect of consecutive application of organic matter on soil chemical properties and dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase activity in non-volcanic ash soil during three cropping season. Organic matter mixture and organic fertilizer (MOF, $2,000kg\;10a^{-1}$), food waste compost (FWC, $2,000kg\;10a^{-1}$), and pig manure compost (PMC, 2,000, 4,000, and $6,000kg\;10a^{-1}$) were applied for each cropping season. Soil pH values were increased after three cropping season in all treatment. In the soils of the increased application of PMC, soil pH, total-nitrogen, available phosphate, exchangeable cations (K, Ca, and Mg), and heavy metal (Zn and Cu) contents were increased. In addition, Soil dehydrogenase activity was significantly increased in proportions to PMC application rate and cropping season during potato cultivation period. The activity was two times higher in PMC ($4,000kg\;10a^{-1}$) than control after the third cropping season. Soil dehydrogenase activity was in order of PMC>FWC>NPK+PMC>MOF. Acid phosphatase activity was higher in PMC ($6,000kg\;10a^{-1}$) than other treatment. Soil Zn content and dehydrogenase activity showed linearly correlation, which were MOF ($R^2$=0.427), FWC ($R^2$=0.427) and PMC ($R^2$=0.411, p<0.01), respectively. This study demonstrated that soil chemical properties and enzyme activity could be affected greatly by consecutive application of different organic matter in the potato cultivation field.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.41-48
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• 2019

Mixed expeller cake has been one of soil management to improve crop productivity and soil fertility. But, there was a little information on optimum mixed expeller cake application for chinese cabbage. So, in this study, we were evaluated the preplant optimum application rate of mixed expeller cake(MEC) in chinese cabbage cultivation at field. Treatments consist of control, inorganic fertilizer($N-P_2O_5-K_2O$ : $320-78-198kg\;ha^{-1}$), MEC(50, 100, 150% on preplant application standard $110kg\;ha^{-1}$ as N, topdressing : $210kg\;ha^{-1}$ as N). In results, growth characteristics was not significantly different. But, yield was increased when application rate was increased. And MEC 150% treatment showed similar yield as inorganic treatment. There was no significant difference in soil pH, OM, $Av.P_2O_5$, $NH_4-N$ and Ex.K. But, soil EC and $NO_3-N$ were increased when MEC level increased. As a results, MEC 150% can be proposed as preplant optimum application rate of MEC from this study. But abuse of MEC and long-term using caused about salt accumulation in soil.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.305-312
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• 2017

We aimed at investigating the difference in $N_2O$ emission factors of chemical and organic fertilizers and identifying the main factors influencing annual fluctuations in $N_2O$ emission. We conducted two-year experiments in 2016 and 2017 in an agricultural field planted with sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas). Treatments included chemical NPK fertilizer (NPK) and chicken compost application at $10\;ton\;ha^{-1}$, $20\;ton\;ha^{-1}$, and $30\;ton\;ha^{-1}$ rates (CK1, CK2 and CK3). Control was also employed with no addition. Results showed that $N_2O$ emission rates were significantly related with soil water status and soil available N contents. Significant correlation between % water filled pore space (WFPS) and $N_2O$ emission was observed only when the %WFPS was greater than 40% and during the initial stage of the experiment (<60 d). Comparison of the emission factors in 2016 and 2017 showed us that the emission factor was greater in 2016 when the %WFPS was maintained higher by 16.5% compared to that in 2017. In 2016, the emission factor of organic fertilizer was higher than that of chemical fertilizer, while in 2017, the pattern was reversed. Annual variability in $N_2O$ emission could also be originated from the available N contents remaining in soil after being taken up by plants. If we apply excessive N fertilizer, the soil would contain excess amount of N which was not uptaken by plants, leading to a huge increase in $N_2O$ emission. This case would overestimate emission factor, which was the case for the organic fertilizer in 2016. Over-fertilization should be avoided when we set up an experiment to determine $N_2O$ emission factor.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.680-686
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• 2018

Nitrogen fertilizers, hairy vetch, and slow-release complex fertilizers were applied to the soil during the cultivation of crops. The impact of these factors on $N_2O$ emission was quantitatively assessed and the GHGs reduction effect comprehensively evaluated. Among the three factors, the significant factors affecting $N_2O$ emission were mineral nitrogen>soil moisture>temperature. Yield and fertilizer utilization efficiency were highest in the slow-release complex fertilizer treatment. There was no significant difference in $N_2O$ emissions between the slow-release complex fertilizer treatments and the NPK+hairy vetch treatments. Comprehensive results showed that slow-release complex fertilizers treatment has high yield and fertilizer utilization efficiency but low $N_2O$ emission.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.26 no.8
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• pp.500-513
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• 2023

The effects of prolonged photoperiod (additional night lighting) were investigated on the production of Ocimum basilicum (lemon basil) and fish/crayfish raised in a nutrient film technique aquaponic system. Hybrid lemon fin barb and red claw crayfish juveniles were co-cultured with O. basilicum and subjected to 12 h of ambient natural daylight and additional 0, 4, 8, and 12 h of night lighting for 14 weeks (two batches of 7 weeks each). The water quality parameters and the performance characteristics of the fish/crayfish/plant were evaluated, and the nutri- ent uptake (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) in the system by the three organisms was also measured. The fish growth performance showed no significant differences (p > 0.05) in all the growth parameters measured across the treatments. The body proximate and nitrogen, phosphate, and potassium (NPK) composition of the fish and crayfish were not significantly (p > 0.05) different across the treatments. Similarly, there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the NPK uptake by the fish and crayfish across the treatments. The plant growth performance showed that there were no significant (p > 0.05) differences in the plant growth parameters measured, except for % plant height gained in the 12 h-light treatment (403.2 ± 26.0%) which was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than other treatments and cycles. Hence, this study demonstrat- ed that varying supplementary night lighting has no significant effect on the growth performance of O. basilicum, hybrid lemon fin barb, and red claw crayfish. This study, therefore, suggests that supplementary night lighting should not be considered for O. basilicum production as it does not significantly improve the performance characteristics of the plant nor the fish co-cultured with it in a polyculture aquaponic system.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.165-169
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• 2009

A field experiment to evaluate the effect of application of different organic manures and inorganic fertilizers on growth, yield and quality of leaf was studied during 2004-05 has showed that, the application of 10 kg each of Azospirillum brasilense and Aspergillus awamori+20% each of recommended N through compost+green manure (Glyricidia maculata)+castor cake+vermicompost+Urea and remaining P and K through fertilizers ($T_{11}$) has recorded significantly higher leaf yield (250 g/ plant and 34.70 tonnes/ha/yr, respectively) with improvement in growth characters as compared to control. Leaf quality status was also improved in terms of N (3.19%), P (1.97%), K (1.28%), total soluble protein (8.39 mg/ml), total soluble sugars (14.40 mg/ml), secondary nutrients viz., Ca (3.00%), Mg (0.60%), S (0.35%) and micronutrients viz., Cu (0.410 ppm), Mn (0.454 ppm) and Zn (0.112 ppm) contents. The mulberry grown with 20 tonnes of compost+300:120:120 Kg of NPK/ha/year through fertilizer ranked second for growth and foliar constituents.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.81-86
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• 1996

Silage wm(cv, Gwanganok) was cultivated during 1991-1994 on paddy land as a rotational cropping system of rice, to evaluate the effect of cattle manure application on the soil characteristics, yield performance and quality of com plant. The treatments used in this study were non-fertilizer, NPK standard in chemical fertilizer(N:$P_2O_5$ : $K_2O$= 200 : 150 : 150 kg/ha), cattle manure 20.40, 60 and 80 ton/ha Application of cattle manure improved soil pH, organic matter, available phosphate and exchangeable cations in the soils. During the experiment, soil pH was improved from 4.7 in the chemical fertilizer application(control) to 5.4-5.6 in the application of cattle manure, and available $P_2O_5$ wntent was increased from 72.2 ppm(contro1) to 340.2 ppm(cattle manure 80 ton/ha). Application of cattle manure increased plant growth, plant height and stalk diameter, and silage yields. Dry matter yields were produced 15.88 ton(chemical fertilizer), 20.11 ton(cattle manure 40 ton) and 21.22 ton/ha(cattle manure 80 ton/ha). However, no signicant yield differences were observed between cattle manure 40, 60 and 80 tonlha Productions of total digestible nutrients(TDN) and net energy for lactation(NEL) were also increased under cattle manure application. From the abobe results, the proper application amount of cattle manure was 40 tonha in this experiment.