• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제26권9호
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• pp.707-711
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• 2013

Carbon nanotubes(CNT) has strength and chemical stability, greatly conductivity characteristics. In particular, MWCNT (multi-walled carbon nanotubes) show rapidly resistance sensitive for changes in the ambient gas, and therefore they are ideal materials to gas sensor. So, we fabricated NOx gas sensors structured MOS-FET using MWCNT (multi-walled carbon nanotubes) material. We investigate the change resistance of NOx gas sensors based on MOS-FET with ultra lean NOx gas concentrations absorption. And NOx gas sensors show sensitivity on the change of gate-source voltage ($V_{gs}=0[V]$ or $V_{gs}=3.5[V]$). The gas sensors show the increase of sensitivity with increasing the temperature (largest value at $40^{\circ}C$). On the other hand, the sensitivity of sensors decreased with increasing of NOx gas concentration. In addition, We obtained the adsorption energy($U_a$), $U_a$ = 0.06714[eV] at the NOx gas concentration of 8[ppm], $U_a$ = 0.06769[eV] at 16[ppm], $U_a$ = 0.06847[eV] at 24[ppm] and $U_a$ = 0.06842[eV] at 32[ppm], of NOx gas molecules concentration on the MWCNT gas sensors surface with using the Arrhenius plots. As a result, the saturation phenomena is occurred by NOx gas injection of concentration for 32[ppm].

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.833-841
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• 2002

The present study examined the possibility of NOx reduction in the high temperature industrial furnaces, duct burner of gas turbine cogeneration and two-stage gas turbine combustor. The experimental study was carried out for the non-premixed flame of second stage combustor with the variations of oxygen concentration in the hot exhaust gas of first stage combustor. It also examined the flammability range, temperature and NOx, $CO_2$, $O_2$formation in the combustor with respect to oxygen concentration in which the fuel(natural gas) is supplying into the hot exhaust gas. The results show that the inner temperature of flame reaches 1,20$0^{\circ}C$ at EGR $O_2$23% and that 15ppm of NOx at EGR $O_2$15.5% increases up to 60ppm at EGR $O_2$23%. It is believed that Fenimore＇s prompt NOx mechanism is more influential on the NOx formation than Zeldovich＇s thermal NOx mechanism does.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.77-84
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• 2001

Measurements of local CO, $CO_2$, $O_2$, $N_2$, $C_3$H$_{8}$, NOx concentrations and flame temperature are made for partially premixed flame with and without acoustic excitation. The CO, $CO_2$, $O_2$, $N_2$, and $C$_3$H_8$ concentrations are determined by thermal conductivity detection (Gas-chromatograph) and NOx concentrations are determined by chemiluminescent detection (NOx analyser). To measure local sample concentration, sampling probe was made by quartz with inlet diameter of 0.25mm. In the case of excitation, the visual shape of the flame is changed from laminar flame to turbulent-like flame. The flame length is also reduced, and the flame width becomes broad. In the observation of emission concentration without acoustic excitation, meanwhile, the $CO_2$ and NOx concentrations peak at flame front where the mixture meets with surrounding air, and the CO concentration is increasing at maximum position of CO2 concentration and peaks at the centerline of the burner. In the case of acoustic excitation, the $CO_2$ concentration is widely occurred at nozzle of the burner and is higher relative to unexcitation. The CO concentration is much reduced, but NOx concentration is more increasing. And flame temperature is higher relative to unexcitation. These are caused by enhancing of mixing with surrounding air due to excitation. However, in the case of acoustic excitation, the total NOx concentration is reduced because of the shortened flame length which affects residence time.e.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제40권10호
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• pp.637-644
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• 2016

본 연구의 목적은 석탄 입자 연소 시 공기 다단 연소 적용에 따른 UBC(Unburned Carbon) 및 질소 산화물(NOx) 배출 특성을 분석하는 것이다. 이를 위해 공기 다단 연소가 가능한 2단 하향 분류층 반응기(Two Staged Drop Tube Furnace, Two Staged DTF)를 설계 및 제작하였다. 아역청탄(Tanito)의 단일 및 다단 연소 실험을 진행하여 UBC 및 NOx 배출 특성을 분석하였다. 그 결과, 단일 연소 조건에서 온도 및 공기비가 증가함에 따라서 UBC 함량이 감소했지만 NOx의 농도는 증가했다. 특히 과농 연료 연소 영역에서 NOx 저감 반응이 일어났으며, 이때 반응 온도가 증가할수록 NOx 저감 반응이 활성화 될 뿐아니라 UBC는 감소되었다. 공기 다단 연소 실험의 경우 석탄 입자의 UBC 증가량에 비해 높은 NOx 저감 효과를 얻을 수 있었다.

• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국연소학회 2001년도 제23회 KOSCO SYMPOSIUM 논문집
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• pp.57-62
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• 2001

The effect of micro scale turbulence on flame structure and stability were experimentally investigated by changing the area of micro turbulence generator(MTG) and air velocity in terms of low NOx and high efficiency combustion. NOx and CO concentration were also measured for different MTG areas to investigate whether a vane swirler having MTG has a possibility of using as part for low NOx combustor. From the obtained results, it is shown that flame stability region increases and flame size becomes small as MTG area increases since MTG in itself makes small scale recirculation flow and swirler does large scale recirculation one. It is also shown that low NOx concentration(about 20${\sim}$30ppm@$O_2$ 11%) is achieved for all MTG areas without any increase in CO concentration regardless of air velocity range tested in this study when the equivalence ratio is 0.7. The results obtained in this study can give basic guideline for the design of compact low NOx high efficiency combustor using a vane swirler having MTG.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제10권7호
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• pp.1465-1472
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• 2009

완전혼합 반응기에서 외부로의 열손실이 $CH_4/air$예혼합화염의 NOx 생성특성에 미치는 영향을 수치해석으로 검토하였다. 주요 결과로서, 단열조건에서 NOx는 체류시간에 따라 급격히 증가하는 반면에, 열손실이 고려될 때 열전 달 상수와 체류시간의 증가에 따라 NOx 저감현상이 뚜렷하게 발생하였다. 민감도 해석을 통해 열손실율이 증가함에 따라 Thermal NO 기구와 Re-burning NO 기구는 NOx 저감에 크게 기여하는 반면, Prompt NO 기구와 $N_2O$-경유 NO 기구는 오히려 NOx 증가에 기여함을 확인하였다. NOx 생성기구는 열전달 상수 및 체류시간의 변화에 따라 매우 복합한 특성을 갖지만, NOx 농도는 독립된 Thermal NO 기구에 의해 표현될 수 있었다. 이를 통해 실용 $CH_4/air$예혼합 연소기에서 NOx 농도를 예측할 수 있는 열손실율과 체류시간을 조합한 새로운 NOx 상관식이 도출되었다.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.697-703
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• 2002

We investigated that the role of nitric oxide (NO) on ischemic rats in brain and heart. Ischemia was induced by both common carotid arteries (CCA) occlusion for 24h following reperfusion. Then tissue samples were removed and measured NOx. In brain, NOx was increased by about 40% vs. normal and it was significantly inhibited by aminoguanidine, selective iNOS inhibitor. This result showed that NOx concentration was increased by iNOS. We investigated the role of $Ca^{2+}$ during ischemia. Nimodipine, L-type calcium channel blocker, didn't inhibit the increases of NOx concentration during ischemia. It suggested that increased NOx was due to calcium-independent NOS. MK-801, which N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, didn't significantly prevent the increases of NOx. In heart, ischemia caused NOx decrease and it is inconsistent with NOx increase in brain. Aminoguanidine and nimodipine didnt affect on NOx decrease. But MK-801 more lowered NOx concentration than those of ischemia control group. It seemed that $Ca^{2+}$ influx in heart partially occurred via NMDA receptor and inhibited by NMDA receptor antagonist. The mean arterial pressure (MAP) in ischemic rats after 24h of CCA occlusion was decreased when compared to normal value, whereas the heart rates (HR) was not different between two groups. Aminoguanidine or MK801 had no effect on MAP or HR, but nimodipine reduced MAP. There was no difference the effects of aminoguanidine, nimodipine, or MK-801, on MAP and HR between normal rats and ischemic rats. In summary, ischemic model caused an increase of NOx concentration, suggesting that this may be produced via iNOS, which is calcium independent in brain. However in heart, ischemia decreased NOx concentration and NMDA receptor was partially involved. The basal MAP was decreased in ischemic rats but HR was not different from normal control, suggesting that increased NOx in brain of ischemic rat may result in the hypotension.

• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국연소학회 2013년도 제46회 KOSCO SYMPOSIUM 초록집
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• pp.111-112
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• 2013

An experimental study of a dual swirl burner was conducted to analyze NOx emission in the lean conditions. The dual swirl burner is composed of a combination of swirling jet premixed(main section) and diffusion flames(pilot section). It was operated with a co-swirling configuration and overall equivalence ratios between 0.6 and 0.8. The purpose of this study is to analyze experimentally the characterization of flame temperature and NOx concentration in reacting zone and to supply the useful experimental data for numerical simulations. The measurements of temperature and NOx concentration were captured using a thin digitally-compensated thermocouple and a sampling quartz probe with quenching effect of sudden expansion, and were measured by the NOx analyzer of chemiluminescence method. We could analyse the NOx emission characteristics comparing the temperature distributions in the lean equivalence ratios.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.19-26
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• 2000

This paper presents the effects of initial pressure of mixture on CO, $CO_2$ and NOx emissions in constant volume combustion chamber. The CO, $CO_2,O_2,N_2$ concentrations in the chamber are determined by thermal conductivity detection (Gas-chromatograph) wile the NOx concentration is measured by chemiluminescent detection (NOx Analyser). Methane-air mixture is used as premixed fuel and the measurements are taken with equivalence ratios($\phi$) varing from 0.6 to 1.3, and initial pressures of methane-air mixture varing from 0.1MPa to 0.8MPa in constant volume combustion chamber. The NOx concentration steadily increases with increasing equivalence ratio, peaks in lean flame ($\phi$=0.85~0.9), and then rapidly decreases. However, as the initial pressure of mixture is increased, the equivalence ratio corresponding to the point of peak [NOx] shifts towards leaner conditions. This is caused by a similar shift in the peak [CH], which is caused by the variation with pressure and equivalence ratio of the rate of CH production from $CH_2$ and OH. The maximum combustion pressure peaks at $\phi$ =1.05 and the $CO_2$ concentration peaks at $\phi$=0.95~1.0 while the CO concentration rises sharply at the condition of fuel-rich mixtures. This is caused by complete combustion at $\phi$=0.95.

• 청정기술
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.350-358
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• 2021

본 연구결과에서 연소로 내 온도가 848.27 ~ 1,026.80 ℃ 범위로써 평균 976.61 ℃으로 나타났으며, 온도증가에 따라 NOx 농도는 증가하는 경향으로 나타났다. 요소 사용량은 291.00 ~ 693.00 kg d^-1로 평균 542.34 kg d^-1로 나타났으며, 요소 사용량의 증가에 따라 NOx 농도는 감소하는 경향으로 나타났다. 체류시간이 3.38 ~ 9.17 s로 평균 약 5.22 s로써 설계시 고려한 2 s이내 보다 약 2.61 배 크게 나타났다. 이는 SRF 투입량 허가조건인 1,950 kg h^-1 대비 평균 SRF 투입량이 약 55.71%인 1,086 kg h^-1로써 연소실 면적은 일정하나 SRF 연소량의 감소에 따라 배가스량 감소에 따른 체류시간이 증가하는 것으로 판단된다. O₂/CO 비는 847.05 ~ 14,877.34로 평균 3,111.30으로 나타났고, O₂/CO 비 증가에 따라 NOx 농도는 다소 증가하는 경향으로 나타났다. 온도증가와 O₂/CO 비의 증가에 공기 중 질소 성분과의 연소반응이 증가하여 NOx 농도가 다소 증가하였으며, 요소 투입량 증가와 체류시간이 증가할수록 배가스의 NOx와의 반응량이 증가하여 처리 후의 NOx 농도는 다소 감소하는 경향으로 나타났다. TMS 자료에 의한 굴뚝 출구에서의 NOx 농도는 7.88 ~ 34.02 ppm으로 평균 19.92 ppm으로써 배출허용기준 60 ppm 이내로 배출되었다. NOx 배출계수는 1.058 ~ 1.795 kg ton^-1으로써 평균 1.450 kg ton^-1으로 나타났다. 본 연구결과 NOx 배출계수는 기타 고체연료인 최대 배출계수 5.830 kg ton^-1 약 24.87%로 나타났으며, 기타 합성수지류와 기타 사업장폐기물의 배출계수인 1.817 kg ton^-1, 3.322 kg ton^-1 대비 각각 79.80%, 43.65%로 나타났다. 기 유사 연구결과인 NIER 고시(2005-9)의 RDF 배출계수인 1.400 kg ton^-1과 유사하게 나타났으며, 최대로 나타난 SRF의 경우인 배출계수 13.210 kg ton^-1에 비해 약 10.98%로 나타났다. 따라서 NOx의 배출계수는 편차가 크게 나타났다.