• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제28권7호
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• pp.759-767
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• 2008

This article arose from the previous studies, which suggested a synthetic list for the nature of science (NOS), discussed the relationship between the NOS and scientific inquiry and the development of the NOS in the context of scientific inquiry. In this article, for teaching scientific inquiry through the NOS, I proposed three teaching models - reflection, interaction, and the direct model -. Within these teaching models, understanding the NOS is viewed as a prerequisite condition for the improved performance of scientific inquiry. In the reflection model, the NOS is embedded and reflected in scientific inquiry without explicit introduction or direct explanation of the NOS. In the interaction model, concrete interaction between scientific inquiry and the NOS is encouraged during the process of scientific inquiry. In the direct model, subsequent to directly comprehending the NOS at the first stage of activity, students conduct scientific inquiry based on their understanding of the NOS. The intention of this present article is to facilitate the use of these models to develop teaching materials for more authentic scientific inquiry.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제29권7호
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• pp.877-885
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• 2000

Objective : The NOS inhibitors exhibit antinociceptive activity in rat model of neuropathic pain. NOS activity increases in the dorsal root ganglia(DRG) in neurop-athic pain. However, NOS activity decreases in the dorsal horn of spinal cord in the nerve injury models of neuropathic pain. To investigate whether the mechanism of decrease of NOS expression in the dorsal horn is related to a secondary effect resulting from increased NO production and likewise in the spinal DRG in the spinal nerve ligation model of neuropathic pain. Methods : We conducted behavioral tests for neuropathic pain, and nNOS immunohistochemistry and NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry after tight ligation of the 5th lumbar(L5) and 6th lumbar(L6) spinal nerves and L5 dorsal rhizotomy. Results : Typical neuropathic pain behaviors occurred 7 days after post-ligation in the neuropathic surgery group, but neuropathic pain behaviors in the dorsal rhizotomy group were absent or weak 7 days after post-operation. There was a decrease in the number of nNOS immunoreactive dorsal horn neurons on the both side(especially ipsilateral side) 7 days after post-ligation. The number of nNOS immunoreactive neurons in both side of the dorsal horn was not decreased 7 days after L5 dorsal rhizotomy. Conclusion : These data indicate that the changes in the injured DRG is essential for development and maintenance of neuropathic pain, and mechanism of decrease of nNOS expression in the dorsal horn is a secondary effect against the changes in the DRG including increased NO production in the spinal nerve ligation model of neuropathic pain.

• 한국재난정보학회 논문집
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.10-18
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• 2016

본 연구는 건설 시공 계획 및 관리 업무에 NOS를 적용하기 위하여 다음과 같은 제안을 과정을 통해서 새로운 NOS 모델을 제시하였다. 먼저, 건설공사의 특성을 반영한 시설 단위 - 구조 단위 - 시공 단위 - 자원 단위의 흐름으로 공사정보분류체계의 개념을 제시하였다. 이 체계를 근거로 네트워크의 구성하고, 성과측정관리기준선의 추이를 분석하는 기준계획시간(MT : Master Target)식과 집행실적을 분석해 주는 수정계획시간(WT : Work Target) 식을 제안하여 NOS 모델을 제시하기 위한 성과측정 관리 기준선의 수립방법을 제안하였다. 최종적으로 성과측정 집행 분석 방법의 이론적 검증을 통해서 확정계약과 실비정산보수가산방식에 적합한 NOS 적용 방안을 제시하였다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.1807-1810
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• 2014

Background: It is known that inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)/nitric oxide (NO) plays an integral role during intestinal inflammation, an important factor for colon cancer development. Natural compounds from Curcuma longa L. (Zingiberaceae) have long been a potential source of bioactive materials with various beneficial biological functions. Among them, a major active curcuminoid, demethoxycurcumin (DMC) has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory properties in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated macrophages or microglia cells. However, the role of DMC on iNOS expression and NO production in an in vitro inflamed human intestinal mucosa model has not yet been elucidated. This study concerned inhibitory effects on iNOS expression and NO production of DMC in inflamed human intestinal Caco-2 cells. An in vitro model was generated and inhibitory effects on NO production of DMC at 65 ${\mu}M$ for 24-96 h were assessed by monitoring nitrite levels. Expression of iNOS mRNA and protein was also investigated. DMC significantly decreased NO secretion by 35-41% in our inflamed cell model. Decrease in NO production by DMC was concomitant with down-regulation of iNOS at mRNA and protein levels compared to proinflammatory cytokine cocktail and LPS-treated controls. Mechanism of action of DMC may be partly due to its potent inhibition of the iNOS pathway. Our findings suggest that DMC may have potential as a therapeutic agent against inflammation-related diseases, especially in the gut.

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.153-167
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• 2007

In this study, it is assumed that understanding the nature of science (NOS) would enhance students' performance of scientific inquiry in more authentic ways. The ultimate goal of this study is to suggest new models for developing scientific inquiry activities through understanding the NOS by linking the NOS with scientific inquiry. First, the various definitions and statements of the NOS are summarized, then the features of the developmental nature of scientific knowledge and the nature of scientific thinking based on the philosophy of science are reviewed, and finally a synthetic list of the elements of the NOS is proposed, consisting of three categories: the nature of scientific knowledge, the nature of scientific inquiry, and the nature of scientific thinking. This suggested synthetic list of the NOS is used to suggest a model of scientific inquiry through the understanding of the NOS. This list was designed to provide basic standards regarding the NOS as well as practical guidance for designing activities to improve students' understanding of the NOS.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.83-99
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• 2004

Objectives : Daeganghwal-Tang(DGHT) is one of the prescriptions used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis(RA) in oriental medicine. The present study aimed to examine the analgesic effect of DGHT on a rat model of CFA-induced arthritis, and the relations between DGHT-induced analgesia and endogenous nitric oxide(NO) and inducible NO synthase(iNOS)/neuronal NOS. Methods : CFA-induced arthritis model used to test the effect of DGHT was chronic pain model. After the induction of arthritis, rats subsequently showed a reduced stepping force of the affected limb for at least the next 18 days. the reduced stepping force of the limb was presumably due to a painful knee. DGHT dissolved in water was orally administrated. After the treatment, behavioral tests measuring stepping force were periodically conducted during the next 4 hours. Results : DGHT produced significant improvement of stepping force of the hindlimb affected by the arthritis lasting at least 2 hours. DGHT produced the improvement of stepping force of the affected hindlimb in a dose-dependent manner. Both NO production and nNOS/iNOS protein expression which is increased by arthritis were suppressed by DGHT administration. Conclusions : The data suggest 1) that DGHT produces a potent analgesic effect on the chronic knee arthritis pain model in the rat and 2) that DGHT-induced analgesia modulate endogenous NO through the suppression of nNOS/iNOS protein expression.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.449-456
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• 2017

The germline stem cells of the Drosophila ovary continuously produce eggs throughout the life-span. Intricate regulation of stemness and differentiation is critical to this continuous production. The translational regulator Nos is an intrinsic factor that is required for maintenance of stemness in germline stem cells. Nos expression is reduced in differentiating cells at the post-transcriptional level by diverse translational regulators. However, molecular mechanisms underlying Nos repression are not completely understood. Through three distinct protein-protein interaction experiments, we identified specific molecular interactions between translational regulators involved in Nos repression. Our findings suggest a model in which protein complexes assemble on the 3' untranslated region of Nos mRNA in order to regulate Nos expression at the post-transcriptional level.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.71-77
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• 2010

Purpose: To determine whether upregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) transcription and translation is related to radicular pain in a model of lumbar disc herniation. Also, to investigate the temporal changes of mRNA expression of iNOS and the identity of iNOS and transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) 1 channel expression cells in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) of a model of lumbar disc herniation. Methods: A lumbar disc herniated rat model was developed by implantation of the autologous nucleus pulposus, harvested from the coccygeal vertebra of each tail, on the left L5 nerve root just proximal to the DRG. Rats were tested for mechanical allodynia of the plantar surface of both hind paws 2 days before surgery and 1, 5, 10, 20 and 30 days postoperatively. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to follow iNOS mRNA expression. To stain iNOS and TRPV1 in DRG, an immunohistochemical study was done 10 days after surgery. Results: A significant drop in mechanical withdrawal threshold on the ipsilateral and contralateral hind paws was observed 1 day after surgery and was prolonged to 30 days in rats with lumbar disc herniation. The expression of mRNA for iNOS peaked at postoperative day 10 on both sides of the DRG. iNOS-positive sensory neurons in the DRG varied in size from large to small diameter cells. A majority of small and intermediate sensory neurons were TRPV1-positive cells. Double immunofluorescence staining for TRPV1 and iNOS revealed that most intermediate TRPV1-positive sensory neurons co-localized with iNOS-positive neurons. Conclusion: Nucleus pulposus-induced mechanical allodynia can be generated without mechanical compression. This pain is related to temporal changes in expression of iNOS mRNA in the DRG. Co-localization of TRPV1 and iNOS in intermediate neurons of the DRG is correlated with pain modality and intensity.

• 과학교육연구지
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.17-29
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• 2022

본 연구의 목적은 NOS 관련 주제를 대상으로 컴퓨터가 얼마나 효율적이고 타당하게 학습할 수 있는지에 대하여 정성적으로 탐색하고자 한 연구이다. 이를 위해 NOS와 관련되는 문헌(논문초록 920편)을 중심으로 말뭉치를 구성하였으며, 최적화된 Word2Vec (CBOW, Skip-gram)모델의 인자를 확인하였다. 그리고 NOS의 4가지 영역(Inquiry, Thinking, Knowledge, STS)에 따라 단어수준 워드임베딩 모델 비교평가를 수행하였다. 연구 결과, 선행연구와 사전 성능 평가에 따라 CBOW 모델은 차원 200, 스레드 수 5, 최소빈도수 10, 반복횟수 100, 맥락범위 1로 결정되었으며, Skip-gram 모델은 차원수 200, 스레드 수 5, 최소빈도수 10, 반복횟수 200, 맥락범위 3으로 결정되었다. NOS의 4가지 영역에 적용하여 확인한 모델별 유사도가 높은 단어의 종류는 Skip-gram 모델이 Inquiry 영역에서 성능이 좋았다. Thinking 및 Knowledge 영역에서는 두 모델별 임베딩 성능 차이는 나타나지 않았으나, 각 모델별 유사도가 높은 단어의 경우 상호 영역 명을 공유하고 있어 제대로 된 학습을 하기 위해 다른 모델의 추가 적용이 필요해 보였다. STS 영역에서도 지나치게 문제 해결과 관련된 단어를 나열하면서 포괄적인 STS 요소를 탐색하기에 부족한 임베딩 성능을 지닌 것으로 평가되었다. 본 연구를 통해 NOS 관련 주제를 컴퓨터에게 학습시켜 과학교육에 활용할 수 있는 모델과 인공지능 활용에 대한 전반적인 시사점을 줄 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.120-127
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• 2008

Purpose: Many studies on the time course of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene expression have been performed in the LPS (Lipopolysaccharide)-induced endotoxemic model, but there have been few experimental approaches to continuous peritonitis-induced sepsis model. We conducted this study to establish basic data for future sepsis-related research by investigating the time course of iNOS gene expression and the relationship with the production of inflammatory mediators in the early sepsis model induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were operated on by sing the CLP method to induce of peritonitis; and then, they were sacrificed and samples of blood and lung tissues were obtained at various times (1,2,3,6,9 and 12 h after CLP). We observed the expression of iNOS mRNA from lung tissues and measured the synthesis of nitric oxide, $IL-1{\beta}$, and $TNF-{\alpha}$ from the blood. Results: iNOS mRNA began to be expressed at 3 h and was maintained untill 12 h after CLP. The nitric oxide concentration was increased significantly at 6 h, reached its peak level at 9 h, and maintained a plateau untill 12 h after CLP. $TNF-{\alpha}$ began to be detected at 3 h, increased gradually, and decreased steeply from 9 h after CLP. $IL-1{\beta}$ showed its peak level at 6 h after CLP, and tended to decrease without significance. Conclusion: We observed that the iNOS gene was expressed later in peritonitis-induced sepsis than in LPS-induced sepsis. Nitric oxide and key inflammatory mediators were also expressed later in peritonitis-induced sepsis than in LPS-induced sepsis.