• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.45-57
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• 2013

Objectives : Daucus carota sativa has been frequently used as food supplements in many of the Asian countries, and a nutritional medical drug in traditional medicine. This research investigated the effects of Daucus carota sativa extract (DCE) on acute phases of inflammation in Raw 264.7 cells treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in terms of the inhibition of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) and pro-inflammatory cytokines production. Methods : NO, $PGE_2$, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$, interleukin-$1{\beta}$ and interleukin-6 contents were assayed by ELISA, and expressions of inflammation-related proteins such as inducible NO synthase (iNOS) were determined by immunoblot analyses. Results : DCE treatment attenuated the LPS ability to increase the productions of NO and $PGE_2$ as well as the protein level of iNOS in a concentration-dependent manner. Consistently, treatment of the cells with DCE suppressed the production of TNF-${\alpha}$, interleukin-$1{\beta}$ and interleukin-6. DCE also caused decreases of inhibitor of ${\kappa}B{\alpha}$ phosphorylation induced by LPS in the cells, which means DCE inhibition of NF-${\kappa}B$ activity. Furthermore, DCE blocked LPS-induced phosphorylation of p38 and SAPK/JNK. Conclusion : This study showing here may be of help to understand the action mechanism of DCE, and provide the information for the medical use of Daucus carota sativa for the inflammatory disease.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.11-17
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• 2019

Cassia tora L. have been used as a folk medicine in Korea. This study investigated anti-inflammatory effect of aurantio-obtusin isolated from C. tora. We isolated aurantio-obtusin from 50% ethanol extracts of C. tora L. We investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of aurantio-obtusin on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated inflammatory response in murine macrophage cell line (Raw 264.7). To investigate the cytotoxicity of aurantio-obtusin on RAW 264.7 cells, MTS assay was performed. RAW 264.7 cells were treated with aurantio-obtusin at different concentrations (12.5, 25, 50, $100{\mu}M$) for 30 h. The result showed that aurantio-obtusin had no cytotoxic effect in a concentration range of $12.5-100{\mu}M$. To determine the effect of aurantio-obtusin on LPS-induced NO production, the NO concentration measurement was performed. RAW 264.7 cells were treated with aurantio-obtusin at 12.5, 25, 50 and $100{\mu}M$ for 24 h, and the results showed that the NO production of aurantio-obtusin-treated cells compared to LPS alone treated group was significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Pretreatment of aurantio-obtusin inhibited LPS-induced NO production in a dose-dependent manner. To find out inhibitory mechanisms of aurantio-obtusin on inflammatory mediators, we examined the $PGE_2$ pathways. As a result, $PGE_2$ were decreased in a dose-dependent manner by aurantio-obtusin. The release of interleukin-$1{\beta}$ (IL-$1{\beta}$) and IL-6 were also reduced. Moreover, aurantio-obtusin suppressed LPL-induced $I{\kappa}B-{\alpha}$ degradation. These results suggest that the down regulation of NO, $PGE_2$, IL-$1{\beta}$ and IL-6 expression by aurantio-obtusin are achieved by the downregulation of NF-${\kappa}B$ activity.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.184-190
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• 2016

Rosa rugosa Thunb, a deciduous shrub of the genus Rosa, has been widely used to treat stomach aches, diarrhoea, pain, and chronic inflammatory disease in eastern Asia. In recent years, our research team has extensively studied the Rosa rugosa flower extract, and specifically undertook pharmacological experiments which have optimized the extraction process. Our methods have yielded a standard extract enriched in phenolic compounds, named PRE. Herein, we expand our efforts and evaluated the anti-inflammatory activity of PRE on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 macrophages. PRE significantly inhibited production of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin $E_2(PGE_2)$, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$, interleukin (IL)-6, and interleukin $1{\beta}$ (IL-$1{\beta}$), as well as expression of their synthesizing enzymes, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase2 (COX-2). Furthermore, PRE inhibited activity of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) as well as nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-${\kappa}B$) signaling pathway. Our findings are the first to explain the anti-inflammatory mechanism by PRE in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Given these results, we propose that PRE has therapeutic potential in the prevention of inflammatory disorders.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.409-416
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• 2017

1,2,3,4,6-Penta-O-galloyl-${\beta}$-D-glucose (PGG) is a gallotannin isolated from Galla Rhois. In a previous study, PGG was shown to suppress the allergic response by attenuating immunoglobulin E production both in vitro and in vivo. However, the effect of PGG on bacteria-induced inflammation at physiological concentration remains unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of PGG on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages. PGG inhibited release of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin $E_2$ by alleviating protein expression of inducible NO synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 in LPS-treated RAW264.7 cells. Furthermore, PGG suppressed the release of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ induced by LPS. Further study indicated that PGG blocked translocation of the p65 subunit of nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$ from the cytosol into the nucleus, which is one of the underlying mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory action of PGG. Collectively, these data suggest that PGG might be useful for the treatment of inflammatory disease.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.87-96
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• 2011

Objectives : The aerial parts of Rumex japonicus Houtt. (RF) is used by traditional clinics to treat parasite infection in East asia. This study aims a verification of anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of RF methanol extract. Methods : Anti-oxidative effects of RF were measured by scavenging activities of DPPH, superoxide, nitric oxide (NO) and peroxynitrite radicals. And also scavenging activities of anti-oxidation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW 264.7 cells were measured. The inhibitory effects against the production of inflammatory mediators including NO, prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$), tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$), interleukin-$1{\beta}$ (IL-$1{\beta}$), IL-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and the translocation of nuclear factor (NF)-${\kappa}B$ in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells by RF were tested. Results : RF scavenged DPPH, superoxide, NO and peroxynitrite radicals, and RF (at $200{\mu}g/m{\ell}$) reduced the inflammatory mediators definitely. Conclusions : These results indicate that RF may be a potential drug source for oxidative stress related inflammatory diseases.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.249-256
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• 2014

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The traditional Korean diet is plant-based and rich in antioxidants. Previous studies have investigated the potential health benefits of individual nutrients of Korean foods. However, the cumulative effects of a Korean diet on inflammation remain poorly understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of a plant-based Korean diet. MATERIALS/METHODS: Using data from the Fifth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 75 individual plant food items were selected which represent over 1% of the total diet intake of the Korean diet. These items were classified into ten different food groups, and the vegetable (Veg) and fruit (Fruit) groups were studied based on their high antioxidant capacity. For comparison, a mixture of all ten groups (Mix) was prepared. To produce a model of inflammation with which to test these Veg, Fruit, and Mix plant-based Korean food extracts (PKE), RAW264.7 macrophages were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). RESULTS: Levels of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$), as well as protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were found to be lower following PKE treatment. Furthermore, PKE treatment was found to suppress tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) via the nuclear transcription factor kappa-B ($NF-{\kappa}B$) signaling pathway. Overall, the Mix group exhibited the greatest anti-inflammatory effects compared with Veg and Fruit PKE group. CONCLUSIONS: Inhibition of LPS-induced pro-inflammatory mediators by the PKE tested was found to involve an inhibition of NF-kB activation. Moreover, PKE tested have the potential to ameliorate various inflammation-related diseases by limiting the excessive production of pro-inflammatory mediators.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.3-10
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• 2015

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, involves chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. Previously, Sasa quelpaertensis leaves have been shown to mediate anti-inflammation and anti-cancer effects, although it remains unclear whether Sasa leaves are able to attenuate inflammation-related intestinal diseases. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of Sasa quelpaertensis leaf extract (SQE) using an in vitro co-culture model of the intestinal epithelial environment. MATERIALS/METHODS: An in vitro co-culture system was established that consisted of intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells and RAW 264.7 macrophages. Treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used to induce inflammation. RESULTS: Treatment with SQE significantly suppressed the secretion of LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$), IL-6, and IL-$1{\beta}$ in co-cultured RAW 264.7 macrophages. In addition, expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$ were down-regulated in response to inhibition of $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ phosphorylation by SQE. Compared with two bioactive compounds that have previously been identified in SQE, tricin and P-coumaric acid, SQE exhibited the most effective anti-inflammatory properties. CONCLUSIONS: SQE exhibited intestinal anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting various inflammatory mediators mediated through nuclear transcription factor kappa-B (NF-kB) activation. Thus, SQE has the potential to ameliorate inflammation-related diseases, including IBD, by limiting excessive production of pro-inflammatory mediators.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.83-92
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• 2013

Objectives : Lespedeza Cuneata has been used to treat leukorrhea, asthma, stomach pain, diarrhea, acute mastitis, in Korean traditional medicine. According to recent studies, Lespedeza Cuneata has antioxidation, hypoglycemia, cell protective, insulin secretion, whitening, corpora cavernosa smooth muscle relaxation and antimicrobial activities, but it has been rarely conducted to evaluate the immuno-biological activity. The present study was examined to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of the Lespedeza Cuneata MeOH extract (LCE) in vivo and in vitro. Methods : In vitro, inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines, nitric oxide and prostaglandin $E_2$ were detected after the addition of LPS with or without LCE in Raw 264.7 macrophage cell line. In vivo, anti-edema effect of LCE was determined in the carrageenan-induced paw edema model in rats. Results : In vitro assay, LCE decreased release of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) via suppression of iNOS and COX-2 expression. LCE inhibited the phosphorylation of $I{\kappa}B$ indicating the suppression of NF-${\kappa}B$ pathway. In vivo assay, LCE significantly inhibited the formation of paw edema induced by carrageenan injection in rats. LCE effectively inhibited increases of hind paw skin thickness and inflammatory cell infilterations. Conclusion : These findings demonstrate that LCE has inhibitory effect on inflammatory mediators in LPS-activated Raw 264.7 cells and on paw edema in carrageenan-stimulated rats, showing the possibility of anti-inflammatory use of Lespedeza Cuneata.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.79-86
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• 2014

Hydroxycinnamic acids have been reported to possess numerous pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor properties. However, the biological activity of 1-p-coumaroyl ${\beta}$-D-glucoside (CG), a glucose ester derivative of p-coumaric acid, has not been clearly examined. The objective of this study is to elucidate the anti-inflammatory action of CG in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. In the present study, CG significantly suppressed LPS-induced excessive production of pro-inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO) and $PGE_2$ and the protein expression of iNOS and COX-2. CG also inhibited LPS-induced secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-$1{\beta}$ and TNF-${\alpha}$. In addition, CG significantly suppressed LPS-induced degradation of $I{\kappa}B$. To elucidate the underlying mechanism by which CG exerts its anti-inflammatory action, involvement of various signaling pathways were examined. CG exhibited significantly increased Akt phosphorylation in a concentration-dependent manner, although MAPKs such as Erk, JNK, and p38 appeared not to be involved. Furthermore, inhibition of Akt/PI3K signaling pathway with wortmannin significantly, albeit not completely, abolished CG-induced Akt phosphorylation and anti-inflammatory actions. Taken together, the present study demonstrates that Akt signaling pathway might play a major role in CG-mediated anti-inflammatory activity in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.27 no.9
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• pp.1628-1638
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• 2017

Viola tianshanica Maxim, belonging to the Violaceae plant family, is traditionally used in Uighur medicine for treating pneumonia, headache, and fever. There is, however, a lack of basic understanding of its pharmacological activities. This study was designed to observe the effects of the ethanol extract (TSM) from Viola tianshanica Maxim on the inflammation response in acute lung injury (ALI) induced by LPS and the possible underlying mechanisms. We found that TSM (200 and 500 mg/kg) significantly decreased inflammatory cytokine production and the number of inflammatory cells, including macrophages and neutrophils, in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. TSM also markedly inhibited the lung wet-to-dry ratio and alleviated pathological changes in lung tissues. In vitro, after TSM ($12.5-100{\mu}g/ml$) treatment to RAW 264.7 cells for 1 h, LPS ($1{\mu}g/ml$) was added and the cells were further incubated for 24 h. TSM dose-dependently inhibited the levels of proinflammatory cytokines, such as NO, $PGE_2$, $TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-6, and $IL-1{\beta}$, and remarkably decreased the protein and mRNA expression of $TNF-{\alpha}$ and IL-6 in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. TSM also suppressed protein expression of $p-I{\kappa}Ba$ and p-ERK1/2 and blocked nuclear translocation of $NF-{\kappa}B$ p65. The results indicate that TSM exerts anti-inflammatory effects related with inhibition on $NF-{\kappa}B$ and MAPK (p-ERK1/2) signaling pathways. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that TSM might be a potential agent for the treatment of ALI.