• 한국근적외분광분석학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국근적외분광분석학회 2001년도 NIR-2001
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• pp.3105-3105
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• 2001

Ingests and fecal contamination on a poultry carcass is a food safety hazard due to potential microbiological contamination. A visible/near-infrared (NIR) spectrometer was used to discriminate among pure ingesta and fecal material, breast skin contaminated with ingesta or fecal material and uncontaminated breast skin. Birds were fed isocaloric diets formulated with either maize, mile, or wheat and soybean meal for protein requirements. Following completion of the feeding period (14 days), the birds were humanely processed and eviscerated to obtain ingests from the crop or proventriculus and feces from the duodenum, ceca, and colon portion of the digestive tract. Pure feces and ingesta, breast skin, and contaminated breast skin were scanned from 400 to 2500 nm and analyzed from 400 to 900 nm. Principal component analysis (PCA) of reflectance spectra was used to discriminate between contaminates and uncontaminated breast skin. Results indicate that visible (400 to 760 nm) and NIR 760-900 nm spectra can detect contaminates. From PCA analysis, key wavelengths were identified for discrimination of uncontaminated skin from contaminates based the evaluation of loadings weights.

• 한국근적외분광분석학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국근적외분광분석학회 2001년도 NIR-2001
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• pp.3123-3123
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• 2001

Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has become a widely used method in food and beverage analysis because of its speed, accuracy and the simplicity of sample preparation. One of the basic requirements of NIR instruments is a wide dynamic range if weak, or small, absorption changes or concentrations are to be measured. Thus the instrument must be sufficiently luminous, and efficient, to enable measurements to be made in a reasonably short time, as for some applications (e.g. sorting) short response times are essential. Diode lasers function the same way as lasers but linewidths are not as narrow as typical lasers. In this work an array of seven laser diodes (in the range of 750-1100 nm) with energy outputs of around hundred milliwatts each were combined with a fast diode array spectrometer (400-1100 nm, 1024 pixels, integration time from 3 ms) as detector. Measurements in transmission mode were performed in solutions of sugars in aqueous solutions and in deuteriumoxide. The feasibility of non-destructive measurements in transmission mode was investigated for different fruits and vegetables.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.198-207
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• 1996

To measure the moisture content, protein and viscosity of brown and milled rice with Near Infrared Reflectance(NIR) analyzer, the comparison and analysis of the data from the chemical analysis and NIR analyzer were conducted. The purpose of this study is to find out the fundamental data required for the prediction of rice qualify and taste rank, and to develop a measuring method of constituents and physical characteristics of domestic rice with NIR analyzer. The important results can be summarized as follows. 1. The $r^2$ and SEC of moisture calibration from brown rice powder were 0.87 and 0.09 respectively, those of milled rice powder were 0.95 and 0.08 respectively. 2. The $r^2$ and SEC of protein calibration from brown rice powder were 0.83 and 0.20 respectively, those of milled rice powder were 0.86 and 0.20 respectively. 3. The $r^2$ and SEC of viscosity calibration from brown rice powder were 0.36 and 15.50 respectively, those of milled rice powder were 0.55 and 12.98 respectively. Further study is required to develop better prediction model for viscosity. It is necessary the continuous study including wavelength selection, because $r^2$ is small for practical use. 4. The regression equation for one rice variety was nearly coincident with other. Therefore, it is required that the prediction model should be developed for the all rice samples.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제51권3호
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• pp.37-43
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• 2009

The objective of this study was to investigate the basic relationships between spectral reflectance and varying concentrations of sediment in surface waters. An experimental method for determining suspended sediment concentration (SSC) in the water by use of a spectroradiometer above the water surface, in visible and near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths, is applied. The main advantage of the method is the direct comparison of spectral reflectance and the SSC, but it requires an accurate knowledge of the water body and sediment. Therefore numerous spectroradiometric measurements are carried out in situ measurements, for SSC, ranging from zero to 100 percentage and two types of sediment applied in the water tank. The results indicate that the suspended sediment causes increasing spectral reflectance response in waters. We observed that spectral reflectance increases with SSC, first at the lower wavelengths (430-480 nm), then in the middle wavelengths (570-700 nm), and finally, in the NIR domain (800-820 nm); a characteristic maximum reflectance appears at 400-670 nm. Relationships between the wavelength, integral value, and the SSC were evaluated on the basis of the regression analysis. The regression curve for the relation between the wavelength, integral value, and the SSC were determined ($R^2$>0.98). Finally, the specular wavelength can be estimated to recognize the sediment and to improve SC estimation accuracy in the water.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.739-743
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• 2017

참기름에 옥수수기름과 콩기름을 일정비율로 혼합하여 나타나는 품질특성을 연구하였다. 차이식별검사, 색도, 산가, 요오드가, 지방산 조성 및 NIR을 이용하여 데이터를 분석해 보았다. 색도검사 결과 혼합률이 높아짐에 따라 L, a, b 값이 변하는 것을 확인할 수 있었으나, 혼합된 기름의 종류에 따른 특이적인 변화는 확인할 수 없었다. 혼합률이 증가함에 따라 산가는 감소하였지만 혼합유 종류에 따른 차이는 확인하기 어려웠다. 하지만 요오드가의 경우 혼합률에 따른 요오드가 변화 및 혼합유 종류에 따른 요오드가 변화 정도를 확인할 수 있었다. 지방산 조성 분석 결과, 혼합률의 변화와 혼합유의 종류에 따라 linolenic acid 및 특정 지방산 값이 확연히 변하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. NIR 분석은 다른 분석방법들에 비해 빠른 시간 안에 분석이 완료되었고, 옥수수 기름의 혼합률 변화에 따른 스펙트럼에는 시료 간 차이가 확인되었으나, 콩기름 혼합유 시료에 대해서는 시료 간 차이가 뚜렷하지 않았다. 결론적으로 참기름의 품질특성을 확인해 소비자의 먹거리 신뢰도를 향상시키기 위해서는 여러 가지 분석방법을 이용한 데이터의 축적이 선행되어야 할 것으로 판단되며, 추가적인 연구를 통해 이를 활용할 수 있는 방안이 마련될 것으로 기대된다.

• 폴리머
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.249-254
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• 2003

가교 폴리에틸렌을 열을 가하여 노화시킨 후 구조 및 물성의 변화를 조사하였다. 가교 폴리에틸렌의 열적 산화 반응으로 카보닐 그룹이 형성됨을 X-선 광전자 분광법과 근적외선 분광법을 이용하여 확인하였다. 노화 시간이 길어질수록 1715 nm에서 관찰되는 카보닐 피이크가 정량적으로 증가하는 것을 근적외선 분광법을 이용하여 관찰하였다. 열화 시간에 따른 흡수 피이크의 선형적인 관계로부터 근적외선 분광법이 고분자 재료의 열화 과정을 감시하는데 적합한 방법임을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 노화에 의한 가교 결합의 발생과 그에 따른 물리적 성질의 변화를 TMA, 응력-변형 시험, 쇼어 경도 측정 방법을 이용하여 관찰하였다. 노화가 진행됨에 따라 유리 전이 온도가 110에서 132$^{\circ}C$로 증가함을 관찰하였으며, 인장률은 265에서 110%로 점차 감소하고 쇼어 D 경도는 32에서 50으로 크게 증가하는 것을 관찰할 수 있었다.

• 한국근적외분광분석학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국근적외분광분석학회 2001년도 NIR-2001
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• pp.3111-3111
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• 2001

The implementation of NIR and chemometrics in the Pharmaceutical industries is still in strong progress, both regarding qualitative and quantitative applications and beneficial results are seen. Looking at the development so far, NIR will change the pharmaceutical industry even more in the future. This presentation will address the experiences and progress achieved regarding the application and implementation of quantitative methods for determination of content uniformity and assay of tablets with less than 10% w/w of active, using Near Infrared transmittance spectroscopy in combination with PLS. Also qualitative methods for identification of the same tablets by Near Infrared reflectance spectroscopy will be discussed. Four commercial tablet strengths are formulated and produced from two different compositions by direct compression. Three different strengths are dose proportional, i.e. fixed concentration by varying in size. The aim was to replace the conventional primary methods for analysing content uniformity, assay and identification by NIR. Studies were performed on comparing transmittance versus reflectance spectroscopy for both applications on the dose proportional tablets. The model for determination of content uniformity and assay was developed to cover both coated and uncoated tablets, whereas the qualitative model was developed to identify coated tablets only. The impact of the tablet formulation, tablet size and coating, resulted in individual models far each composition The best calibration was achieved using diffuse reflectance for the identification purposes and diffuse transmittance for the quantitative determination of the active content within the tablets. As NIR in combination with other techniques opens up the possibility of total quality management within the production, the transfer of the above-mentioned models from a laboratory based approach to an at-line approach at H.Lundbeck will be addressed too.

• 한국근적외분광분석학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국근적외분광분석학회 2001년도 NIR-2001
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• pp.1133-1133
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• 2001

Fruit sweetness, as indexed by total soluble solids (TSS), and fruit acidity are key factors in the description of the fruit eating quality. Our group has been using short wave NIR spectroscopy (SW-NIR; 700-1100 nm) in combination with chemometric methods (PLS and MLR) for the non-invasive determination of the fruit eating quality (1,2). In order to further improve calibration performance, we have investigated SW-NIR spectra of sucrose and D-glucose. In previous reports on the band assignment for these sugars in the 1100-2500 nm spectral region (3-7), it has been established that change in concentration, temperature and physical state of sugars reflects on the shape and position of the spectral bands in the whole NIR region(5-7). The effect of change in concentration and temperature of individual sugar solutions and sugar spiked Juice samples was analysed using combined spectroscopic (derivative, difference, 2D spectroscopy) and linear regression chemometric (PLS, MLR) techniques. The results have been compared with the spectral data of a range of fruit types, varying in TSS content and temperature. In the 800-950 nm spectral region, the B-coefficients for apples, peaches and nectarines resemble those generated in a calibration of pure sucrose in water (Fig. 1). As expected, these fruits exhibit better calibration and prediction results than those in which the B-coefficients were poorly related to those for sugar.(Figure omitted).

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.14-21
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• 2005

By using PCR with nirS gene primers, three nirSharboring denitrifying bacteria (strain N6, strain N23, and strain R13) were newly isolated from activated sludge of a weak municipal wastewater treatment plant. Small-subunit rRNA gene-based analysis indicated that strain N6, strain N23, and strain R13 were closely related to Arthrobacter sp.,Staphylococcus sp., and Bacillus sp., respectively. In an attempt to identify their roles in biological nitrate and nitrite removal from sewage, we investigated their specific denitrification rates (SDNRs) for $NO_-^3$ - and $NO_-^2$ - in various cultures. All purecultures of each isolated nirS-harboring bacterial strain could remove $NO_-^3$ - and $NO_-^2$ - simultaneously in high efficiency, and the carbon requirements for $NO_-^3$ - removal of strain N6 and strain R13 were effectively low at 3.1 and 4.1 g COD/g $NO_3N$, respectively. In the case of mix-cultures of the strains (N6+N23, N6+R13, N23+R13, and N6+N23+R13), their SDNRs for $NO_-^3$ - were also effective, and their carbon requirements for $NO_-^3$ - removal were also effective at 3.0- 3.8 g COD/g NO3N. However, all tested mix-cultures accumulated $NO_-^2$ - in their culture media. On the other hand, the continuous culture of activated sludge mixed with strain N6 showed no significant increase of $NO_-^3$ - removal in comparison with strain N6's pure culture. These results suggest that nitrate and nitrite removal in biological wastewater treatment might be dependent on complicated bacterial interactions, including several effective denitrifying bacteria isolated in this study, rather than the specific bacterial types present and the number of bacterial types in activated sludge.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제55권4호
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• pp.357-364
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• 2010

Kjeldahl method used in many materials from various plant parts to determine protein contents, is laborious and time-consuming and utilizes hazardous chemicals. Near-infrared (NIR) reflectance spectroscopy, a rapid and environmentally benign technique, was investigated as a potential method for the prediction of protein content. Near-infrared reflectance spectra(1100-2400 nm) of coarse cereal grains(n=100 for each germplasm) were obtained using a dispersive spectrometer as both of grain itself and flour ground, and total protein contents determined according to Kjeldahl method. Using multivariate analysis, a modified partial least-squares model was developed for prediction of protein contents. The model had a multiple coefficient of determination of 0.99, 0.99, 0.99, 0.96 and 0.99 for foxtail millet, sorghum, millet, adzuki bean and mung bean germplasm, respectively. The model was tested with independent validation samples (n=10 for each germplasm). All samples were predicted with the coefficient of determination of 0.99, 0.99, 0.99, 0.91 and 0.99 for foxtail millet, sorghum, millet, adzuki bean and mung bean germplasm, respectively. The results indicate that NIR reflectance spectroscopy is an accurate and efficient tool for determining protein content of diverse coarse cereal germplasm for nutrition labeling of nutritional value. On the other hands appropriate condition of cereal material to predict protein using NIR was flour condition of grains.