• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.136-147
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• 2002

Background : Interstitial lung disease has various manifestations that are differentiated by their pathology, progress and treatment. However, all manifestations eventually progresses to pulmonary fibrosis. Recent studies have shown that apoptosis of pulmonary epithelial cells might be related to pulmonary fibrosis. The correlation of the apoptotic index with the clinical manifestations, pathological findings, HRCT findings and the response to treatment were examined. Materials and Methods : Twenty subjects (14 men, 16 women), who had been diagnosed with interstitial lung disease through an open lung biopsy, were enrolled in this study. The subtypes were one AIP, two NIP, eight BOOP, and seven UIP cases. The apoptotic index was scaled from 0-2 depending on the fraction of positive staining cells by TUNEL method. The clinical severity was assessed by a modification of a previously developed CRP scoring system. The pathologic scores were based on 4 components: fibrosis, cellularity, desquamation, and granulation. In the HRCT study, each lobe was scored by the radiologists on a scale for both fibrosis and ground-glass attenuation. The treatment response was assessed by an increase in more than 10% of the CRP score, and comparing the results 3 months before and after treatment. Results : The apoptotic index showed no correlation with the CRP and HRCT scoring system. The apoptotic index correlated with the pathologic elements including fibrosis, cellularity and the desquamation score (p<0.05). Of the 16 patients who received corticosteroid therapy, 9 patients (56.3%) responded to therapy. There was no correlation between the response to corticosteroid and the apoptotic index. In the case of patients with acute and subacute ILD, the apoptotic index showed a correlation with the cellularity, desquamation, and the total histological score (p<0.05). In the case of patients with chronic ILD, the apoptotic index correlated with the fibrosis and cellularity score (p<0.05). Conclusion : Apoptosis of the pulmonary epithelial cells is implicated in the pathogenesis of interstitial lung disease particularly on a pathological basis.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.204-209
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• 2007

The objective of this research was to evaluate the inhibitory activities of phenolic compounds isolated from Crataegi Fructus on ${\alpha}-amylase$ and ${\alpha}-glucosidase$. The content of total phenolic compounds of water extract from Crataegi Fructus was 22.5 mg/g. The inhibitory activity of the water extract (200 ${\mu}g/ml$) from Crataegi Fructus on ${\alpha}-amylase$ and ${\alpha}-glucosidase$ was determined to be 100% and 82.6%, respectively. Isolation of inhibitory compounds was carried out on Sephadex LH-20 and MCI-gel CHP-20 column chromatography using a gradient elution procedure of increasing MeOH in $H_2O$. The chemical structure of the inhibitory compound against ${\alpha}-amylase$ and ${\alpha}-glucosidase$ was confirmed as chlorogenic acid by spectroscopic analysis of FAB-MS, NMR and IR spectrum.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.334-343
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• 2007

The water extracts and 80% ethanol extracts from mulberry leaves of 108 kinds were tested their antimicrobial activities against Helicobacter pylori and antioxidant effects. The ABTS [2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiaznoline-6-sulfornic acid)] radical decolorization, electron donating ability (EDA), thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) and antioxidant protection factor (PF) were determined for water extracts and 80% ethanol extracts from mulberry leaves. In the electron donating activity, the 13 kinds of water extracts showed high inhibition (>80%), whereas the 59 kinds of 80% ethanol extracts showed high inhibition. The inhibitory activities of water extracts from all kinds of mulberry leaves were higher than 90% in ABTS [2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiaznoline-6-sulfornic acid)] radical decolorization. The thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) and antioxidant protection factor (PF) of the 80% ethanol extracts were higher than that of water extracts. Antimicrobial activity against Helicobacter pylori showed high value in 80% ethanol extracts of 15 kinds mulberry leaves. The results implied that the mulberry leaves can be useful for natural antimicrobial medicine.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.371-382
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• 1999

This paper presents the results of recent nutrients measurement and analysis in relation to other environmental parameters such as temperature, salinity, AOU and pH in the South Sea, Korea. In summer, temperature showed stronger correlation with nutrients than salinity and also did the parameters related to biological activities such as pH and AOU. Implications of above results exemplify that primary producers in the vicinity of salt front actively consumed nutrients so that nutrients-salinity correlation is strongly modified in the salt front. Nutrient in winter showed significant correlation only with temperature. Nutrient distribution seems governed by the location of thermal front between vertically mixed cold water in northern area and warm waters flowing north. Due to weak biological activity in winter pH-nutrients correlation, which was strongest in summer ($R^2$ >0.6) dropped sharply in winter ($R^2$ <0.5). Depth integrated nitrate+nitrite, phosphate and silicate values are 321 $mmol{\cdot}m^{-2}$, 23 $mmol{\cdot}m^{-2}$, 637 $mmol{\cdot}m^{-2}$ in summer and 261 $mmol{\cdot}m^{-2}$, 31 $mmol{\cdot}m^{-2}$, 742 $mmol{\cdot}m^{-2}$ in winter, respectively. NIP values in summer exhibit phosphorus deficiency, however, winter situation is reversed for nitrogen. Nitrogen input via precipitation and riverine discharge in wet season seems potentially critical for maintaining the South Sea ecosystem.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Dyers and Finishers Conference
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• 2011.03a
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• pp.93-93
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• 2011

스포츠웨어 바람막이용도에 사용되는 대부분의 소재는 폴리아미드계 소재이며, 국내에서는 대부분 나일론6 소재를 사용하고 있다. 최근 소비자들의 요구는 점점 경량화되고 있고 야외활동 증가와 더불어 착용감이 우수한 소재를 요구하고 있다. 이러한 시즘에 국내에서 많이 사용되는 나일론6 소재를 이용하여 직물단계에서 경량감과 스트레치성이 발현될수 있는 나일론6 경량 Mechanical 스트레치 직물 개발에 대한 연구를 진행하고자 함이다. 본 연구에서는 직물단계에서 경량감과 스트레치성이 발현될수 있는 나일론6 경량 Mechanical 직물개발을 위해 공중합 나일론6 폴리머와 일반 나일론6 폴리머를 복합방사설비를 이용하여 SIDE BY SIDE POY 26d/6f 원사를 제조한 후, Nip Belt 가연설비로 연신비, 가연 1st 히터온도, 벨트각도 조건에 따라서 제조된 4가지의 나일론6 가연사 DTY 20d/6f와 T사에서 생산되고 있는 나일론6 가연사 DTY 20d/7f를 동일한 직물설계 조건에서 위사방향으로 제직을 실시하였다. 직물설계 조건은 경사를 나일론 DTY 20d/7f, 경사밀도는 2가지, 위사밀도 2가지으로 설계하여 제직하였으며, 이렇게 제조된 직물(생지)를 일반 나일론6 염색가공 공정조건으로 전처리, 염색, 가공, 코팅 공정을 거친후, 신축성 평가를 실시하였다. 동일한 제직조건 및 염색가공 조건에서 제조된 직물의 신축성은 가연조건인 가연 연신비가 높고, 가연 1st 히터온도가 높은 조건에서 높게 나타남을 알 수 있었다. 경사밀도가 낮은 조건이 수축이 많이 진행됨을 알 수 있었으며, 가연조건인 가연 연신비가 높고, 가연 1st 히터온도가 높은 조건에서 수축이 더 많이 이루어짐을 알 수 있었다. 권축률이 높은 가연사 조건이 그만큼 수축이 많이 들어옴을 나타내는 결과로 사료되며, 위사밀도가 낮은 조건이 수축이 좀 더 많이 진행됨을 알 수 있었으며, 위사밀도가 너무 많으면 가연사끼리 상호 수축할 수 있는 정도를 감소시키는 결과로 판단된다. 전처리, 염색가공, 코팅이 완료된 최종 원단의 신축성 평가를 실시한 결과, 비교사로 제직된 최종 원단은 8~10%수준, 가연사 제조조건에 따른 제조된 4가지의 가연사의 신축성은 12~18%의 신축성을 보임을 알수 있었다. 향후, 제직설계 및 염색가공 조건의 다양화로 연구를 진행할 계획이다.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.69-74
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• 2015

Purpose: In this study, doctors were surveyed with a questionnaire to determine whether they performed simultaneous vaccination and whether there were any concerns about safety or anxiety. The purpose of this study was to determine any problems associated with doctors readily performing simultaneous vaccination. Methods: A trained surveyor visited 241 doctors from every institution registered with the National Immunization Program (NIP) located within six districts (gu) in the City of Busan (Dongnae-gu, Geumjeong-gu, Yeonje-gu, Suyeong-gu, Busanjin-gu, Haeundae-gu); a total of 155 (64%) valid responses were obtained. Results: Of the 155 respondents, 144 (93%) were already performing simultaneous immunizations and 141 (91%) had a positive view of the practice. However, among the 144 doctors performing simultaneous immunizations, 67 (47%) were not confident about its safety; side effects were seen after simultaneous immunization by 86 doctors, 35 (41%) of whom believed that the frequency or possibility of side effects in simultaneous immunizations was higher than that in sequential immunizations. Conclusions: The use of simultaneous immunization is expanding quickly. However, among the doctors performing simultaneous immunizations, a high percentage had concerns over its unproven safety and potential side effects, indicating the need for academic societies or government institutions to present evidence to address such concerns.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.296-301
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• 2008

The extracts from Salvia officinalis were studied for antioxidative activities and inhibitory activities against angiotensin converting enzyme(ACE) and xanthine oxidase (XOase). Total phenolic compounds were found as 22.28, 26.3, 24.63, and 28.22 mg/g in the water, 60% ethanol, 60% methanol and 60% acetone extracts, respectively. The antioxidant activities of Salvia officinalis extracts were measured as $64.4{\pm}1.5%$ at $200\;{\mu}g/ml$ on EDA, inhibition rate on ABTS of $96.9{\pm}0.2%$, antioxidant protection factor of $2.30{\pm}0.16$ PF and TBARS was $0.6{\pm}0.05$ (${\times}100\;{\mu}M$) in the control and $0.28{\pm}0.02$ (${\times}100\;{\mu}M$) in 60% ethanol extracts. Inhibitory activities was the ACE of 75.50% and XOase 100% in 60% ethanol extracts. The 60% ethanol extracts from Salvia officinalis exhibited antimicrobial activities against Helicobacter pylori such as 13 mm of clear zone and inhibition rate of 63.4% with $200\;{\mu}g/ml$ of phenolics content. Rosemarinic acid was the most abundant phenolic compounds as analyzed by HPLC. The results suggest that the 60% ethanol extracts from Salvia officinalis L. will be useful as natural antioxidants and functional foods.

• Proceedings of KOSOMES biannual meeting
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.129-135
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• 2006

This study was performed to characterize the seasonal variation of water quality and sediment environment from May, 2004 to February, 2006 in 21 stations of Gwangyang bay. Gawngyang bay is located in the middle of south coast of Korea and semi-dosed with Yeosu peninsula, Gwangyang-city and Namhea-do. Water quality at the west coast of Myo-do were highly deteriorated than other stations. At summer season(July 2005), the concentration of the most analytical items were highly detected than other seasons and the lowest concentration was at the winter season(January 2005, February 2006). Especially, DIP and TP were highly detected around the coast of Yeosu industrial complex. N/P ratio were higher than 16 of Redfield ratio in the spring(May 2005) and winter(February 2006) at the surface layer. While at other seasons and most stations were lower than 16 of Redfield ratio. In the survey of sediment environment, ignition loss(IL), chemical oxygen demand(COD) and acid volatile sulfide(AVS) were in the range of $2.51\sim22.10%,\;2.65\sim48.41mg/g-dry\;and\;0.01\sim8.95mg/g-dry$, respectively. COD in surface sediment was highest at summer season AVS was highest at autumn. In sediment, the corelationship coefficients between COD and IL, COD and AVS were 0.65 and 0.44, respectively.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.390-396
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• 2009

In this study, extracts from S. officinalis were tested for antioxidative effects and inhibitory activities against $\alpha$-amylase, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and xanthine oxidase (XOase). The content of total phenolic compounds in water, 60% ethanol, 60% methanol and 60% acetone extracts were 36.2, 42.7, 40.3 and 39.6 mg/g, respectively. In 60% ethanol extracts, the EDA by DPPH free radical scavenging test of S. officinalis was $66.3{\pm}2.2%$ at $200{\mu}g/ml$. The inhibition rate of ABTS was $97.6{\pm}0.1%$, the antioxidant protection factor was $2.26{\pm}0.63$ PF, and TBARS was $0.62{\pm}0.05$ (${\times}100{\mu}M$ in the control and $0.29{\pm}0.02$ (${\times}100{\mu}M$). Also in 60% ethanol extracts of S. officinalis, the inhibitory activity against XOase was 78% and was not shown to be against ACE. According to the $12.6{\pm}0.14\;mm$ of clear zone formed, the inhibition rate against $\alpha$-Amylase was 7.6% at $200{\mu}g/ml$ of phenolics content. Antimicrobial activities of 60% ethanol extracts of S. officinalis against Helicobacter pylori exhibited an inhibition rate of $12.5{\sim}66.1%$ according to the $10{\sim}15\;mm$ of clear zone at $50{\sim}200{\mu}g/ml$. The results suggest that the 60% ethanol extracts from Salvia officinalis L. will be useful as natural antioxidants and functional food sources.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2014.02a
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• pp.413-413
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• 2014

In this paper, we present a fabrication method of functionalized gold nanostructures on flexible substrate that can be implemented for plasmonic sensing application. For biomolecular sensing, many researchers exploit unconventional lithography method like nanoimprint lithography (NIP), contact transfer lithography, soft lithography, colloidal transfer printing due to its usability and easy to functionalization. In particular, nanoimprint and contact transfer lithography need to have anti-adhesion layer for distinctive metallic properties on the flexible substrates. However, when metallic thin film was deposited on the anti-adhesion layer coated substrates, we discover much aggravation of the mold by repetitive use. Thus it would be impossible to get a high quality of metal nanostructure on the transferred substrate for developing flexible electronics based transfer printing. Here we demonstrate a method for nano-pillar mold and transfer the controllable nanoparticle array on the flexible substrates without an anti-adhesion layer. Also functionalization of gold was investigated by the different length of thiol applied for effectively localized surface plasmonic resonance sensing. First, a focused ion beam (FIB) and ICP-RIE are used to fabricate the nanoscale pillar array. Then gold metal layer is deposited onto the patterned nanostructure. The metallic 130 nm and 250 nm nanodisk pattern are transferred onto flexible polymer substrate by bi-layer functionalized contact imprinting which can be tunable surface energy interfaces. Different thiol reagents such as Thioglycolic acid (98%), 3-Mercaptopropionic acid (99%), 11-Mercaptoundecanoic acid (95%) and 16-Mercaptohexadecanoic acid (90%) are used. Overcoming the repeatedly usage of the anti-adhesion layer mold which has less uniformity and not washable interface, contact printing method using bi-layer gold array are not only expedient access to fabrication but also have distinctive properties including anti-adhesion layer free, functionalized bottom of the gold nano disk, repeatedly replicate the pattern on the flexible substrate. As a result we demonstrate the feasibility of flexible plasmonic sensing interface and anticipate that the method can be extended to variable application including the portable bio sensor via mass production of stable nanostructure array and other nanophotonic application.