• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.87-94
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• 2008

In view of obtaining potential anticancer compounds, we studied the inhibitory activity and the cytotoxic effects of a candidate compound in cancer cells. The cytotoxic effects of cannabidiol (CBD) in vitro were evaluated in NIH3T3 fibroblasts, B16 melanoma cells, A549 lung cancer cells, MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, Lenca kidney cells and SNU-C4 colon cancer cells. The cells were cultured in various concentrations of CBD for 48 h and 25 ${\mu}$M of CBD for 6-36 h. The cells were observed to exhibit inhibitory effects of the cell viability in their growth, and then cytotoxicity was estimated. The inhibitory activity of CBD was increased in all cancer cells and showed especially strong increment in breast cancer cells. The cytotoxicity of CBD increased in a dose- and time-dependent manner with growth inhibition in all cancer cell lines. Also, to assess the membrane toxicity induced by CBD, we investigated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. After treatment with various concentrations of CBD, LDH release rate of cancer cells was accelerated. On the other hand, in the induction of cell death, caspase-3, -8 and -9 activations were detected in cancer cells after treatment with various concentrations of CBD, and CBD effectively induced activity of caspase-3, -8 and -9 in A549 lung cancer cells, MDAMB-231 breast cancer cells and Renca kidney cells. Therefore these results suggest that CBD has a possibility of anticancer agents and anticancer effects against cancer cells by modulation of apoptotic pathway in the range of 5-80 ${\mu}$M concentration.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.277-288
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• 2013

Objectives This study was aimed to propose the guideline of the diarrhea in Sasang Constitutional Medicine. Methods 1) Literature search It was investigated that the prescriptions stated the diarrhea as a main and accessory symptoms to be treated in "Donguisasangshinpyun", "Donguisusebowon Sasang Chobongwon", "Donguisusebowon Gabobon", "Donguisusebowon Sinchukbon", "Dongmuyugo" 2) Clinial paper search (1) The foreign papers were searched by using the search word with 'Sasang AND Diarrhea' in pubmed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/) and The Cochrane Library(http://www.thecochranelibrary.com) (2) The domestic papers were searched by using the search word with 'Soeumin AND Diarrhea', 'Soyangin AND Diarrhea', 'Taeeumin AND Diarrhea', 'Taeyangin AND Diarrhea', 'Sasang AND Diarrhea' in NDSL (http://www.ndsl.kr), KISS(http://kiss.kstudy.com), Oasis(http://oasis.kiom.re.kr), RISS(http://www.riss.kr) (3) The extracted factors were the evaluations on the mainly complained symptom, adopted four constitutional therapy and efficacy. Results & Conclusions The guidelines for treating the diarrhea in the Four Constitutional Medicine are as follows. 1) It is to categorize the constitution. 2) The diarrhea of taeeumin is prescribed with 'A Series of Taeeumjowi-tang, Galgeunhaegi-tang, Cheongsimyeonja-tang, Sahyang-san, etc'. by classifying into cold, fever, consumption and addiction. 3) The diarrhea of soyangin is regarded as an internal disease and it is prescribed with 'Baekhaobuja-tang, Baekhaobujaijung-tang, etc'. by classifying taeeum symptom and so-yin symptom. 4) The diarrhea of soeumin is Mangeum-disease and 'Jeoryeongchajeonja-tang, Hyeongbangsabaek-san, Hwalseokgosam-tang, Hyeongbanggihwang-tang, etc'. is prescribed depending on the complication.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.21-30
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• 2009

Objectives : Being introduced in the 1980s, laser acupuncture studies have been steadily carried on such as its thermal effects on human body. However, the mechanisms of effect are not yet clearly explained. Generally, laser acupuncture could be favorable for pediatric patients or people under special conditions (hemophilia, needle-phobia, pathogen-carriers, etc.) because of lower risk of infection, bleeding, pain or fainting. But there are still problems for using laser acupuncture equivalently as the traditional metal needle. The goal of this study is to review the fundamentals, history and present trend of laser acupuncture study, and to suggest how to develop laser acupuncture as an oriental medical device. Method : We performed literature search using PubMed(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed) and Scopus(http://www.scopus.com). Search conditions are laser acupuncture, laser needle, LLLT(as title or abstract) or Litscher G(as author). Main target studies are physical fundamentals, clinical trials, physiological results and device proposals. Results : Many research have shown the similarities of laser acupuncture and traditional metal acupuncture and have reported clinical and physiological effects of laser acupuncture. But, still laser acupuncture is not widely used in Korea due to high-cost of equipments and the lack of clear understanding of laser devices. Additionally, there are still challenges in standardization and device development. Conclusions : Frequencies, laser modes, waveguides, adaptor types, polarization and signal modulations are suggested as future study subjects on laser acupuncture. More various studies and efforts for device development have to be performed to provide oriental medical doctors with evidence based confidence about usage of laser acupuncture.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.63-69
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• 1988

In case of occuring the atomic energy accidents the proper medical treatments should be necessary. As the aim of the basic data for protective actions, the present studies were carried out to evaluate the decontamination of radioiodine by the administration of the antithyroid drugs (KI, NaI) and isotonic saline. Some recommended methods of decorporating radioiodine were investigated using 450, NIH-GP mice, each injected intraperitoneally with $1{\mu}Ci$ of $NaI^{131}$ as the internal contamination and treated with 2mg/0.2ml-saline of NaI and 2.6mg/0.2ml-saline of KI as the antithyroid drugs. Accordingly, effects of antithyroid drugs for internal contamination were: 1. Administration of NaI and KI caused to rapidly excrete internal radioiodine as the antithyroid drugs and decrease in whole body retention was reduced than in the saline group. 2. After internal contamination NaI and KI were to be administered for radioprotective effects as quickly as possible. 3. Decrease in body-retention made temporary shifts with enough fluids (water), however, as far as radioprotective effects is concerned, saline was not more significant than in the other group (NaI and KI). 4. Regarding to thyroid protective effects NaI, KI and saline were significant in effectively order.

• The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.243-256
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to identify the degree of self-care activities of stroke patients, the family burden, and the educational needs of primary caregivers. A descriptive survey research was conducted in 97 stroke patients and their respective primary caregivers. Data were collected by the interviews using a structured questionnare from July 26th to August 5th, 1999. NIH stroke status was $12.15{\pm}8.40$, the degree of self-care activities of stroke patients was $26.85{\pm}9.39$. The score of objective burden of primary caregivers was $31.24{\pm}4.81$ and subjective burden was $24.30{\pm}6.99$. The score of the educational needs was $89.78{\pm}9.99$. We present several imformations about clients from these scores as follows: The patients were convalescent and their depentant level of self- care was middle range; The objective burden was higher than the subjective burden; And the educational needs of family caregivers were very high. The Elain Mattis Educational Wants of Family Caregivers of Disabled Adults Questionnaire was used to assess the educational needs of primary caregivers of stroke patients. The results of this research are offered to help nurses understand the feelings of uncertainty about the new and unexpected role that family caregivers face and to help nurses meet the needs of families preparing to care stroke survivors at home.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.243-250
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• 2003

Ultrastructural changes of the male germ cells and structure of spermatozoa in Paralichthys olivaceus were examined by means of the light and transmission electron microscopes. The spermatogonium has a large nucleus with a single nucleus with a single nucleolus in the interphase. Primary spermatocytes are identified by the formation of the synaptonemal complex in the karyoplasm. The secondary spermatocytes are more concentrated and contains numerous cell organelle in the cytoplasm. The nucleus of spermatid in spermiogenesis is more condensed in the karyoplasm, and show spherical structure in shape. Mitochondria of the spermatids are observed in the lower portion of the nucleus. The spermatozoon consists of the head, mid piece and tail. The acrosome is not observed in the head. Axial filaments of the flagellum consists of nine pairs of the peripheral microtubules and one pair of the central microtubules.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.14 no.6 s.67
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• pp.986-990
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• 2004

Five strains of Vibrio vulnificus, which cause serious septicemia in human worldwidely, was isolated from marine environments of Korea costal area from May to July of 2002. The isolated strains were identified by API 20E kit and partial 16S rDNA sequence analysis. 16S rDNA sequence of the isolates showed $99\%$ similarity with V. vulnificus ATCC 27562. The proteins of V. vulnificus isolates were examined by analyzing patterns of the cell lysates and outer membrane proteins (OMP). The OMP separated from cell lysates showed the common protein band. Therefore OMP profiles might be useful for the identification of V. vulnificus sp.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.11
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• pp.1341-1344
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• 2016

Dendropanax morbifera is an endemic tree species of Korea, it is restricted to the southern parts of Korea. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) for Dendropanax morbifera grown at Bogil-do, Korea was determined. We investigated the sequence-based phylogenetic relationships of plants related and clarified its taxonomical position. The determined sequences consisted of 689 residues. ITS1 was 222 bp long while ITS2 was 233 bp long. The 5.8S rDNA was 160 bp long. The ITS region sequences of the Dendropanax species included in this study were obtained from GenBank. Oreopanax polycephalus was used as the outgroup. A pairwise alignment was calculated using the Clustal X program. A phylogenetic tree was constructed by the neighbor-joining method using the Tree view program. Sequence similarities among species including D. morbifera Bogil-do isolate showed the range 92.6 to 99.7% in sequence-based phylogenetic analysis using total 615 base pairs of ITS1, 5.8S rDNA and ITS2. D. morbifera Bogil-do isolate exhibited the highest degree of relatedness to D. chevalieri, sharing 99.7% ITS region similarity. D. morbifera Bogil-do isolate also showed to D. trifidus, sharing 99.4% ITS region similarity.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.149-157
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• 2004

The chronic non-bacterial prostatis disease is relatively incurable, chronic and recurrent. Due to its prostatis barrier, chronic non-bacterial prostatis disease is difficult to be penetrated with Medicine. Nevertheless, we obtained the desired results using the method of iki action by Bojungiki-tang. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of treatment and change of WBC numerical index using Bojungiki-tang. We investigated one chronic non-bacterial prostatis disease for about one year with NIH chronic prostatis symptom index, expressed prostatic secretion(EPS). After the treatment, symptom index score was decreased from 27 to 1. Also WBC numerical index by EPS test was decreased to zero. These results indicate that oriental medical therapy is effective in treating chronic non-bacterial prostatis disease. Therefore further study of the effect of herb-medicine is necessary.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.301-307
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• 1995

To explore electrophysiological properties of the ${\delta}-Opioid$ receptors artificially expressed in the mammalian cell, effect of an opioid agonist DPDPE $(1\;{\mu}M)$ on the voltage-sensitive outward currents was examined in the HEK293 (human embryonic kidney) cells transfected with ${\delta}-Opioid$ receptor cDNA cloned from NG-108-15 $(neuroblastoma\;{\times}\;glioma\;hybrid)$ cDNA library. Also studied were effects of 8-bromo-cyclic AMP and naloxone on DPDPE-induced changes in the voltage sensitive outward current. The voltage sensitive outward currents were recorded using perforated patch technique at room temperature. In the non-transformed HEK293 cells, DPDPE did not alter voltage sensitive outward current, indicating that no native ${\delta}-Opioid$ receptor had been developed. However, $(1\;{\mu}M)$ DPDPE remarkably increased the voltage sensitive outward current in the transformed HEK293 cells. The increment in voltage sensitive outward current peaked in $7{\sim}10\;minutes$ after DPDPE application, and the maximum DPDPE-activated outward current $(313.1{\pm}12.3\;pA)$ was recorded when the membrane potential was depolarized to +70mv. Following pretreatment of the transformed HEK293 cells with 1 mM 8-bromo-cyclic AMP, DPDPE failed to increase the voltage sensitive outward currents. On the other hand, naloxone completely abolished DPDPE-activated voltage sensitive outward current in the transformed HEK293 cells. The results of present study suggest that in the transformed HEK293 cells an activation of the ${\delta}-Opioid$ receptors by an opioid agonist DPDPE increases the voltage-sensitive potassium current as a result of decrement in cyclic AMP level.