• 한국재료학회지
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• 제16권9호
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• pp.543-549
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• 2006

Polyimides (PI) are treated with $He/O_2$ and $He/O_2/NF_3$ atmospheric pressure rf dielectric barrier discharge in order to investigate the roles of $NF_3$ that is one of the PI etching gases. Surface changes are analyzed by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and contact angle measurement. The surface roughness of PI and the ratio of C=O, which is hydrophilic functional group, is more increased by $He/O_2/NF_3$ discharge than by $He/O_2$ discharge. The C=O species on the PI surface is increased up to 30 percent with rf power. The surface roughness of PI is increased from 0.4 to 11 nm with rf power. The water drop contact angles on PI, however, are reduced from $65^{\circ}\;to\;9^{\circ}$ by plasma treatment independently of $NF_3$.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.150-162
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• 2009

Objectives: Inflammatory mediators, such as nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 ($PGE_2$) and pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-$1{\beta}$ playa critical role in inflammatory immune response. Therefore, intervention of inflammatory mediator production promises therapeutic benefit for treatment of many chronic inflammatory diseases, such as allergic asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, septic shock and neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, the pharmacological effects of the flower MeOH extract Panax notoginseng (Notoginseng Flos; NF) on inflammation were investigated to address potential therapeutic or toxic effects. Methods: RA W264.7 cells were treated with different concentrations of NF methanol (NF-M) extract in the presence or absence of LPS ($1{\mu}g/m{\ell}$). Results: NF-M extract significantly inhibited LPS-induced production of NO, $PGE_2$ and pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-$1{\beta}$ in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, NF-M extract suppressed mRNA expressions and protein levels of iNOS, COX-2 and pro-inflammatory cytokines in LPS-stimulated RA W264.7 cells. Conclusion: These results indicated that NF-M extract inhibits LPS-induced production of inflammatory mediators in macrophages and demonstrated that NF-M extract possesses anti-inflammatory properties in vitro.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.50.1-50.16
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• 2020

Background: Porcine parvovirus (PPV) is a single-stranded DNA virus that causes porcine reproductive failure. It is of critical importance to study PPV pathogenesis for the prevention and control of the disease. NS1, a PPV non-structural protein, is participated in viral DNA replication, transcriptional regulation, and cytotoxicity. Our previous research showed that PPV can activate nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway and then up-regulate the expression of interleukin (IL)-6. Objectives: Herein, the purpose of this study is to determine whether the non-structural protein NS1 of PPV also has the same function. Methods: Real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, western blot, immunofluorescence assay and small interfering RNA (siRNA) were used. Results: Our findings demonstrated that PPV NS1 protein can up-regulate the expression levels of IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, PPV NS1 protein was found to induce the phosphorylation of IκBα, then leading to the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of NF-κB. In addition, the NS1 protein activated the upstream pathways of NF-κB. Meanwhile, TLR2-siRNA assay showed TLR2 plays an important role in the activation of NF-κB signaling pathway induced by PPV-NS1. Conclusions: These findings indicated that PPV NS1 protein induced the up-regulated of IL-6 expression through activating the TLR2 and NF-κB signaling pathways. In conclusion, these findings provide a new avenue to study the innate immune mechanism of PPV infection.

• 한국어류학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.159-166
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• 2005

한국산 꾸구리속 (Gobiobotia) 어류인 꾸구리 (G. macrocephala), 돌상어 (G. brevibarba) 및 흰수마자 (G. nakdongensis)의 핵형을 조사하였다. 연구 결과, 각각 25쌍의 배수체 염색체가 관찰되었 다. 핵형은 꾸구리가 2n = 50 (9M+7SM+9ST), NF = 100, 염색체의 길이는 $3.3{\sim}7.5{\mu}m$ 크기였으며, 돌상어는 2n = 50 (10M+7SM+4ST+4T), NF = 92, 염색체의 길이는 $2.7{\sim}6.3{\mu}m$의 크기였고, 흰수마자는 2n = 50 (5M+9SM+9ST+2T), NF = 96, 염색체의 길이는 $3.5{\sim}7.3{\mu}m$였다. 본 연구결과 꾸구리와 흰수마자의 핵형은 처음으로 보고되었다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제51권4호
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• pp.315-324
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• 2001

연구배경 : IL-8은 강력한 화학주성인자로서 결핵감염 부위로 염증세포들을 동원함으로서 결핵균에 대한 숙주의 방어기전에 있어서 중요한 역할을 한다. IL-8의 유전자의 발현에 있어서 NF-${\kappa}B$가 중요한 역할을 한다. 저자들은 결핵 감염시 폐상피세포가 NF-${\kappa}B$ 의존성으로 IL-8을 분비하는지 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법 : 말초혈액단핵구에 결핵균을 감염시키고 24시간 배양 후 배양상층액(CoMTB)을 얻었다. 결핵균, CoMTB로 자극한 A549 세포주의 IL-8 분비 정도를 ELISA 방법으로 측정하였다. CoMTB로 자극한 A549 세포주의 IL-8 mRNA 의 발현 정도를 RT-PCR로, $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$의 분해를 western blot 분석으로, NF-${\kappa}B$의 핵이동과 DNA 결합은 electrophoretic mobility shift assay(EMSA)를 이용하여, 그리고 NF-${\kappa}B$ 의존성 IL-8 유전자의 전사활성은 luciferase reporter gene assay를 이용하여 측정하였다. 결 과 : A549 세포주를 CoMTB로 24시간 자극하여 얻은 배양액의 IL-8 농도는 $46.8{\pm}4.8\;ng/ml$로 분비하여 결핵균으로 직접 자극하였을 때의 $6.8{\pm}2.9\;ng/ml$보다 높았다. CoMTB로 A549 세포주를 자극하였을 때 IL-8 mRNA의 발현이 증가하였고, $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$의 분해가 일어났으며, NF-${\kappa}B$의 핵이동과 DNA 결합이 일어났으며, NF-${\kappa}B$ 의존성 IL-8 유전자의 전사활성이 증가하였다. 결 론 : 결핵병변에서 폐상피세포는 결핵균을 탐식한 단핵식 세포와의 상호작용에 의해 NF-${\kappa}B$ 의존성으로 IL-8을 분비한다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제65권6호
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• pp.476-486
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• 2008

연구배경: 정상세포는 보호되고 종양세포에 독성을 보인다고 알려진 TNF유전자족으로 새로이 확인된 TRAIL이 폐암세포에서 보이는 아포프토시스 효과를 확인하고, 아포프토시스로부터 세포를 보호하는 전사인자 $NF-{\kappa}B$가 TRAIL에 의하여 활성화 되는 정도를 평가하여 MG132의 $NF-{\kappa}B$활성억제가 TRAIL 유도성 아포프토시스를 감작시키는지를 확인하기 위하여 본 연구를 시행하였다. 방법: A549(wt p53) 및 NCI-H1299(null p53) 폐암세포주를 사용하였다. 세포독성 검사는 MTT assay를 이용하였고 아포프토시스는 Annexin V assay와 FACS 분석을 이용하였다. $NF-{\kappa}B$ 전사활성은 luciferase reporter gene assay를 이용하였고 $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ 분해는 western blot을 이용하였으며, TRAIL에 의해 활성화된 $NF-{\kappa}B$와 DNA 결합은 electromobility shift assay와 anti-p65 antibody를 이용한 supershift assay로 확인하였다. 결과: 1) TRAIL 100 ng/ml 농도에서 wild-type p53인 A549 폐암세포는 34.4%, p53 null인 NCI-H1299 폐암세포는 26.4%의 세포사를 관찰하였다. 2) Luciferase reporter gene assay로서 TRAIL에 의한 $NF-{\kappa}B$의 활성이 A549 $IgG{\kappa}B-luc$세포에서 2.45배 증가하고 NCI-H1299 $IgG{\kappa}B-luc$세포에서는 1.47배 증가함을 관찰하여 TRAIL에 의하여 $NF-{\kappa}B$가 활성화됨을 확인하였다. 3) MG132의 전처치로 TRAIL에 의한 $NF-{\kappa}B$의 활성이 A549 세포와 NCI-H1299 세포에서 각각 기저수준의 0.24, 0.21배로 강력히 억제되었다. 4) TRAIL단독으로 30% 전후의 세포독성이 MG132 전처치 후 TRAIL을 투여하면 두 세포주 모두에서 80% 이상의 세포독성이 관찰되어 MG132가 TRAIL유도성 아포프토시스에 감작효과가 있음을 확인하였다. 결론: 이상의 결과로 TRAIL에 상대적인 내성을 보이는 폐암세포주에서 MG132가 $NF-{\kappa}B$ 활성억제로서 TRAIL유도성 아포프토시스를 강화시키는 효과가 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 본 연구는 향후 폐암치료에 있어서 TRAIL유도성 아포프토시스가 이용될 수 있는 가능성을 확인한 기초자료가 된다고 생각된다.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제52권2호
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• pp.272-277
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• 2014

본 연구는 인쇄회로기판(PCB) 제조 시 에칭공정에서 발생되는 구리이온($Cu^{+2}$)을 고농도로 함유한 황산 폐에칭액을 NF 막분리법을 사용하여 에칭액 회수와 구리이온 처리를 효율적으로 수행하기 위한 NF 막여과 공정의 운전조건을 설정하기 위한 기본 자료를 확보하는데 있다. 이를 위해 미국 Koch사의 SelRO MPS-34 4040 NF 막을 대상으로 구리이온을 고농도(5~30 g/L)로 함유한 모의 황산 폐에칭액의 cross-flow 나노여과 실험을 수행하여 투과 플럭스와 구리이온의 총괄 배제도를 측정하였다. 이 결과 투과 플럭스는 황산 폐에칭액 내 구리이온의 농도가 증가할수록, 황산 폐에칭액의 pH가 낮을수록 작아졌으며, 그 값은 최소 $4.5L/m^2{\cdot}h$에서 최대 $23L/m^2{\cdot}h$이었다. 황산 폐에칭액 내 구리이온의 총 배제도는 구리이온의 농도가 클수록, 용액의 pH가 낮을수록 그리고 폐에칭액의 순환유량이 작을수록 낮아졌으며, 황산 폐에칭액의 pH가 1 이상인 상태에서 70% 이상의 구리이온 배제가 가능하였다. NF 막을 12개월 동안 황산용액 내에 보관하여도 투과 플러스 와 구리이온 배제도의 유의한 변화가 없어 SelRO MPS-34 막모듈을 강산 조건에서 1년이상 막모듈의 교체 없이 산성 폐에칭액 처리에의 사용이 가능하였다.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.21-31
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• 2007

This study is aimed at the development of a runoff forecasting model by using the Fuzzy inference system and Neural Network model to solve the uncertainties occurring in the process of rainfall-runoff modeling and improve the modeling accuracy of the stream runoff forecasting. The Neuro-Fuzzy (NF) model were used in this study. The NF model, recently received a great deal of attention, improve the existing Neural Networks by the aid of the Fuzzy theory applied to each node. The study area is the downstreams of Naeseung-chun. Therefore, time-dependent data was obtained from the Wolpo water level gauging station. 11 and 2 out of total 13 flood events were selected for the training and testing set of model respectively. The schematic diagram method and the statistical analysis are conducted to evaluate the feasibility of rainfall-runoff modeling. The model accuracy was rapidly decreased as the forecasting time became longer. The NF model can give accurate runoff forecasts up to 4 hours ahead in standard above the Determination coefficient $(R^2)$ 0.7. In the comparison of the runoff forecasting using the NF and TANK models, characteristics of peak runoff in the TANK model was higher than ones in the NF models, but peak values of hydrograph in the NF models were similar.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제26권7호
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• pp.545-553
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• 2003

The expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is a characteristic response to inflammation, which can be inhibited with sodium salicylate. IL-1$\beta$ and TNF-$\alpha$ can induce extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), IKK, IkB degradation and NF-$\kappa$B activation. Salicylate inhibited the IL-1$\beta$ and TNF-$\alpha$-induced COX-2 expressions, regulated the activation of ERK, IKK and IkB degradation, and the subsequent activation of NF-$\kappa$B, in neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes. The inhibition of the ERK pathway, with a selective inhibitor, PD098059, blocked the expressions of IL-1$\beta$ and TNF-$\alpha$-induced COX-2 and $PGE_2$ release. The antioxidant, N-acetyl-cysteine, also reduced the glutathione or catalase- attenuated COX-2 expressions in IL-1$\beta$ and TNF-$\alpha$-treated cells. This antioxidant also inhibited the activation of ERK and NF-$\kappa$B in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. In addition, IL-1$\beta$ and TNF-$\alpha$-stimulated the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cardiomyocytes. However, salicylate had no inhibitory effect on the release of ROS in the DCFDA assay. The results showed that salicylate inhibited the activation of ERK and IKK, I$\kappa$B degradation and NF-$\kappa$B activation, independently of the release of ROS, which suggested that salicylate exerts its anti-inflammatory action through the inhibition of ERK, IKK, IkB and NF-$\kappa$B, and the resultant COX-2 expression pathway in neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.239-246
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• 2003

The expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is a characteristic response to inflammation and can be inhibited with sodium salicylate. $TNF-{\alpha}$ plus $IFN-{\gamma}$ can induce extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), IKK, $I{\kappa}B$ degradation and NF-${\kappa}B$ activation. The inhibition of the ERK pathway with selective inhibitor, PD098059, blocked cytokine-induced COX-2 expression and $PGE_2$ release. Salicylate treatment inhibited COX-2 expression induced by $TNF-{\alpha}$/$IFN-{\gamma}$ and regulated the activation of ERK, IKK and $I{\kappa}B$ degradation and subsequent NF-${\kappa}B$ activation in MC3T3E1 osteoblasts. Furthermore, antioxidants such as catalase, N-acetyl-cysteine or reduced glutathione attenuated COX-2 expression in combined cytokines-treated cells, and also inhibited the activation of ERK, IKK and NF-${\kappa}B$ in MC3T3E1 osteoblasts. In addition, $TNF-{\alpha}$/$IFN-{\gamma}$ stimulated ROS release in the osteoblasts. However, salicylate had no obvious effect on ROS release in DCFDA assay. The results showed that salicylate inhibited the activation of ERK and IKK, $I{\kappa}B$ degradation and NF-${\kappa}B$ activation independent of ROS release and suggested that salicylate exerts its anti-inflammatory action in part through inhibition of ERK, IKK, $I{\kappa}B$, $NF-{\kappa}B$ and resultant COX-2 expression pathway.