• The Journal of Korean Society of Virology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.107-118
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• 1999

To characterize the molecular nature of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1, we determined the full-length HIV-1 sequences from cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of a Korean long-term nonprogressor (LTNP). Without antiretroviral therapy, the individual has maintained CD4+ T counts over $500/{\mu}l$ from 1989 to 1999. Plasma viral RNA copy was 992 U/ml in 1998. Culture supernatant showed positive from culture days 9. A series of 9 overlapping PCR products were amplified from cultured PBMC and cloned About 9.2 kb from R of 5' LTR to R of 3' LTR was determined by automated sequencing. The G-to-A hypermutations were shown throughout the entire region. As a result of G to A hypermutations, premature stop codon was found in integrase coding region. Though there was no recombination between subtypes over all genomes, TATA box in both LTRs was TAAAA which is detected in subtype E instead of TATAA in subtype B. And, there were nucleotide GC insertion between $NF-{\kappa}B$ I and Sp1 III, and duplication of $TCF-1{\alpha}$ in LTR. We could not find any deletion of amino acid in Nef, Gag, Pol and Env gene. This study is the first report on molecular nature of full genomes of HIV-1 isolated in Korea.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.192-197
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• 2010

The seeds of Raphanus sativus L. (RSL) and Phaseolus calcaratus Roxburgh (PHCR), the root of Scutellaria baicalensis (SB), and the flower of Lonicera japonica (LJ) have been traditionally used as herbal medicines for anti-inflammation. Unlike the SB and LJ, little information is available for the scientific bases that show the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of RSL and PHCR. In this study, we prepared boiled water extracts from the medicines and determined their potentials in inhibiting nitric oxide (NO) production, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-$\alpha$ and interleukin (IL)-6 secretion in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. The effects of the medicines on serum IgE levels in ovalbumin (OVA)-administrated mice were also studied. The medicines inhibited production of TNF-$\alpha$ and IL-6, and COX-2 expression in LPSstimulated macrophages. Especially, PHCR water extract showed more potent inhibition on TNF-$\alpha$ production than SB and LJ extracts, but RSL extract did not exert these effects. Similar to the cases of SB and LJ, PHCR extract prevented the phosphorylation of $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ and c-Jun, and the activation of NF-${\kappa}B$-DNA binding. Further, oral supplementation of PHCR extract attenuated significantly serum levels of total and OVA-specific IgE in OVAtreated animals. These results suggest a possibility that PHCR water extract can be used for the treatment of inflammatory and allergic diseases.

• Koreanishche Zeitschrift fur Deutsche Sprachwissenschaft
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• v.7
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• pp.193-213
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• 2003

In dieser Arbeit wird der Versuch unternommen, die Rede Hitlers vom 10.12.1940 zu analysieren. Diese Rede $geh\"{o}rt$ zur politischen Rede. In dieser Rede gibt es verschiedene Funktionen. Sie dient der Erzeugung und Zusammenfassung von Massen im Vereinigungsakt, weiterhin der Verschleierung der realen $Verh\"{a}ltnisse$. Die dritte Funktion kann man in der Legitimation von Herrschaft sehen. Im ersten Abschnitt wird die inszenatorische Ebene der Rede beschrieben. Die Halle ist durch einige Hakenkreuzfahnen nur wenig $geschm\"{u}ckt$. Dies wirkt eine $N\"{u}chternheit$, die das Publikurn seine gewohnte Umgebung neu erheben $l\"{a}sst$. Die stiliserte Glorie ist geeignet innere Haltung zu provozieren, die Opfer der $verst\"{a}rkten$ Arbeitsbelastungen ertragen lassen sollen. Im Abschnitt zwei wird die Rede nach rhetotischen Kriterien analysiert. Hier handelt es sich um die $f\"{u}nf$ Bearbeitungsphasen der Rede, und zwar, inventio, dispositio, e1ocutio, memoria und pronuntiatio. Die dispositio ist der Gegenstand dieser Arbeit. Nomalerweise gliedert sich dispositio in vier Elemente, $n\"{a}mlich$ Einleitung, Schilderung des Sachverhalts, $Begr\"{u}ndung$ und $Schlu\ss$. Mit dem rhetorischen Aufbau wird eine summarische Darstellung der politischen Absichten und Ziele des Redners gegeben. Die Rede selbst hat deutlichen Appellcharakter. Die $Entr\"{u}ckung$ durch den Appell ist eine der hier $gew\"{a}hlten$ rhetorischen Methode, um die erwiinschte Wirkung bei den Zuhoren zu erzielen. Hitler versuchte, die durch die Aktivierung zwischen ihm und Publikum vorhanden, $unbewu\ss$ten psychischen Potentiale, die durch den Akt der Rede aktiviert werden, zu realisieren.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.188-194
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• 2017

Background: Fermented black ginseng (FBG) is processed ginseng by the repeated heat treatment and fermentation of raw ginseng. The protective effect and mechanism of FBG on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity was investigated to evaluate its therapeutic potential. Methods: The free radical scavenging activity of FBG was measured using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). In addition, the protective effect against cisplatin-induced renal damage was tested in rats. FBG was orally administered every day at a dose of 150 mg/kg body weight for 10 d, and a single dose of cisplatin was administered intraperitoneally (7.5 mg/kg body weight) with 0.9% saline on the $4^{th}$ d. Results: The DPPH radical-scavenging activity of FBG ($IC_{50}=384{\mu}g/mL$) was stronger than that of raw ginseng. The improved DPPH radical-scavenging activity was mediated by the generation phenolic compounds. The decreased cell viability by cisplatin was recovered significantly after treatment with FBG in a dose-dependent manner. Then, the protective effect of FBG on cisplatin-induced oxidative renal damage was investigated in rats. The decreased creatinine clearance levels, which are a reliable marker for renal dysfunction in cisplatin-treated rats, were reduced to the normal level after the administration of FBG. Moreover, FBG showed protective effects against cisplatin-induced oxidative renal damage in rats through the inhibition of $NF-{\kappa}B/p65$, COX-2, and caspase-3 activation. Conclusion: These results collectively show that the therapeutic evidence for FBG ameliorates the nephrotoxicity via regulating oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis.

• Koreanishche Zeitschrift fur Deutsche Sprachwissenschaft
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• v.5
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• pp.203-221
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• 2002

Die Unterklassifikation von Sprechakttypen stellt einen wichtigen Forschtmgs­gegenstand der Sprechakttheorie dar. Mit den Kriterien, die Searle (1969) vorgeschlagen hat, $k\"{o}nnen\;zwar\;die\;f\"{u}nf$ Haupttypen der Sprechakte voneinander unterschieden werden, aber $f\"{u}r$ deren Unterklassifikation $m\"{u}ssen$ weitere Kriterien herangezogen werden, und zwar solche, mit denen die Untertypen des zu unterklassifizierenden Sprechakttyps deren Handlungscharakter $gem\"{a}{\ss}$ klassifiziert werden $k\"{o}nnen$. Es ist aber nicht einfach festzustellen, was man als Kriterien $f\"{u}r$ die Unterklassifikation eines bestimmten Sprechakttyps nehmen soll. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird versucht, die $f\"{u}r$ die Unterklassifikation der sogenannten $begr\"{u}ndenden$ Sprechhandlungen (= bSH) wie $ERKL\"{A}REN-WARUM,\;BEGR\"{U}NDEN$, RECHTFERTIGEN und ARGUMENTIEREN angemessenen Kriterien festzustellen und mit diesen die vier Untertypen der bSH zu klassifizieren. Dabei werden zwei Kriterien herangezogen: $n\"{a}mlich$, Gegenstandstyp und Strittigkeit. Je nachdem, urn welchen Gegenstandstyp es bei der bSH geht und ob Strittigkeit vorliegt, wird ein anderer Untertyp der bSH vollzogen. Die Gegenstandstypen der bSH sind wie folgt darzustellen: Gegenstandstypen der bSH Gegenstandstypen im subjektiven Bereich Gegenstandstrypen im objektiven Bereich Einstellungen des Sprechers Handlungen des Sprechers Tatsachen Ereignisse Naturprozesse Handlungen eines Dritten Einstellungen eines Dritten Strittigkeit kann nur in Bezug auf die Gegenstandstypen im subjektiven Bereich entstehen, und zwar in Bezug auf die Richtigkeit der Handlungen und Einstellungen und die Wahrheit der Einstellungen des Sprechers. Mit den beiden Kriterien 'Gegenstandstyp' und 'Strittigkeit' $k\"{o}nnen$ die Untertypen der bSH wie folgt klassifiziert werden:

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.1-15
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• 2016

Objectives This study was designed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of Seungseup-tang (SST) on the monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)-induced osteoarthritis rats. Methods Osteoarthritis was induced by injection of MIA ($50{\mu}l$ with 80 mg/ml) into knee joint cavity of rats. Rats were divided into 4 groups (normal group, control group, indomethacin treated group, SST treated group, each n=6). Normal group was not injected with MIA and taken normal diet. Control group was injected with MIA and taken with distilled water. Indomethacin treated group was injected with MIA and taken indomethacin 5 mg/kg by oral administration. SST treated group was injected with MIA and taken SST 200 mg/kg by oral administration. We examined the weight-bearing ability of hind paw, biomarkers related to oxidative stress in serum, inflammatory proteins and inflammatory mediators and cytokines. Moreover, histopathological examination of knee joint structure was also performed by Hematoxylin & Eosin (H&E), Safranin-O staining method. Results In the present study, SST treated group showed a similar inhibitory effects alike indomethacin treated group, in most of the studied parameters of inflammation. The increased oxidative stress biomarker such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and peroxy nitrite ($ONOO^-$) in the serum were reduced with SST. Especially, the level of $ONOO^-$ compared with control group significantly suppressed. Also, the expression of inflammatory mediators and cytokines induced by nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-${\kappa}B$) activation was modulated through inhibition of IkBa phosphorlation. In addition, histological analysis revealed that cartilage damage by MIA repaired markedly in SST treated group. Conclusions According to the results, Seungseup-tang may be effective for preventing the progression of osteoarthritis.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.375-382
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• 2012

Ginsenoside Rp1 (G-Rp1) is a saponin derivate that provides anti-metastatic activities through inhibition of the NF-${\kappa}B$ pathway. In this study, we examined the effects of G-Rp1 on regulatory T cell (Treg) activation. After treatment of splenocytes with G-Rp1, Tregs exhibited upregulation of IL-10 expression, and along with dendritic cells (DCs), these Tregs showed increased cell number compared to other cell populations. The effect of G-Rp1 on Treg number was augmented in the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which mimics pathological changes that occur during inflammation. However, depletion of DCs prevented the increase in Treg number in the presence of G-Rp1 and/or LPS. In addition, G-Rp1 promoted the differentiation of the memory types of $CD4^+Foxp3^+CD62L^{low}$ Tregs rather than the generation of new Tregs. In vivo experiments also demonstrated that Tregs and DCs from mice that were fed G-Rp1 for 7 d and then injected with LPS exhibited increased activation compared with those from mice that were injected with LPS alone. Expression of TGF-${\beta}$ and CTLA4 in Tregs was increased, and upregulation of IL-2 and CD80/CD86 expression by DCs affected the suppressive function of Tregs through IL-2 receptors and CTLA4. These data demonstrate that G-Rp1 exerts anti-inflammatory effects by activating Tregs in vitro and in vivo.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.10
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• pp.1605-1612
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• 2006

Interleukin (IL)-18, a member of the family of IL-l cytokine, is one of the principal inducers of $interferon-{\gamma}(IFN-{\gamma})$ in T lymphocytes and natural killer cells. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of IL-18 on the expression of chemokine IP-10 (CXCL-10) mRNA in mouse peritoneal macrophages. IL-18 had very weak direct effect or synergistic effect with IL-12 on the expression of IP-10 mRNA in C57BL/6 mouse peritoneal macrophages. However, IL-18 pretreatment was found to playa cooperative role in the expression of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced IP-10 mRNA. For the expression of LPS-induced IP-10 mRNA, the synergistic effect was detected after 16 h of IL-18 pretreatment prior to LPS stimulation. The expression level of CD14 in cells stimulated with LPS was not changed by IL-18 pretreatment, and the level of $IFN-{\gamma}$ production during IL-18 pretreatment plus LPS stimulation was barely discernible ($0.36{\pm}0.31pg/ml$). Namely, the synergistic effect of IL-18 pretreatment was not related to a change of LPS receptor, CD14 expression, and the production of $IFN-{\gamma}$ by the interaction between IL-18 and LPS. The synergistic effect of IL-18 pretreatment on the expression of LPS-induced IP-10 was related to not NF-kB but AP-1 activation, and associated with the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, one of the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. These results provide useful information that may elucidate the mechanisms underlying the effect of IL-18 on the expression of IP-10 mRNA.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.396-403
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• 2008

The first ORF of the ARV S1133 S1 segment encodes the nonstructural protein p10, which is responsible for the induction of cell syncytium formation. However, p10-dependent signaling during syncytium formation is fully unknown. Here, we show that dominant negative RhoA, Rho inhibitor C3 exoenzyme, ROCK/Rho-kinase inhibitor Y-27632 and Rac1 inhibitor NSC23766 inhibit p10-mediated cell fusion. p10 over-expression is concomitant with activation and membrane translocation of RhoA and Rac1, but not cdc42. RhoA and Rac1 downstream events, including JNK phosphorylation and transcription factor AP-1 and $NF-{\kappa}B$ activation, as well as MLC expression and phosphorylation are simultaneously activated by p10. p10 point mutant T13M possessed 20% fusion-inducing ability and four p10 fusion-deficient mutants V15M, V19M, C21S and L32A reduced or lost their ability to activate RhoA and Rac1 signaling. We conclude that p10-mediated syncytium formation proceeds by utilizing RhoA and Rac1-dependent signaling.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.352-359
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• 2003

In this paper, we designed the bluetooth receiver using the microstrip bandpass filter and the high gain low noise amplifier with the 0.2$\mu\textrm{m}$ CMOS technology. A cascode inverter is adopted to implement the low noise amplifier and is one stage amplifier with a voltage reference and without the choke inductor. The designed 2.4GHz LNA was achieved a power gain of 18dB, a noise figure of 2.8dB, and the power consumption of 255mW at 2.5V power supply. Also, the microstrip receiver bandpass filter was designed that the center frequency was 2.45GHz, the bandwidth was 4% and the insert attenuation was -1.9dB. When the microstrip bandpass filter and LNA was simulated together the power gain was 16.3dB.