• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.41 no.7
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• pp.634-664
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• 2008

This study investigated the effects of the nutrition education on body weight, visceral fat and diet quality in the postmenopausal women. The subjects (n = 101) were randomly divided into two groups: Nutrition education + Exercise (NEE) group (n = 51) and Exercise only (EO) group (n = 50). Nutrition education was consisted of counseling in portion control, food selection for low carbohydrate, high fiber food items and for the improvement in micronutrient intakes and diet quality. After 6 months, the reduction in the body weight and visceral fat area was significantly greater in the NEE than in the EO group. The NEE subjects were further divided into two groups according to the amount of visceral fat area reduction; high visceral fat area loss (HVL) group with a visceral fat area reduction 2.35% or greater and low visceral fat area loss (LVL) group with a reduction less than 2.35%. In the HVL group, the reduction in body weight, BMI, percent body fat, waist to hip ratio and visceral fat area was significantly greater than that in the LVL group. We observed a significant increase in the serum HDL-cholesterol level and a decrease in systolic blood pressure, fasting blood sucrose, total and LDL-cholesterol levels in the HVL group compared to the LVL group. The energyadjusted protein, fiber, calcium, vitamin $B_6$, vitamin C, vitamin E intakes were significantly increased in the HVL compared to LVL group. The index of nutritional quality (INQ) and mean adequacy ratio (MAR) were also increased in the HVL group compared to the LVL group. These results show that our nutrition education program was an effective intervention measure for the reduction of body weight and visceral fat, blood pressure, glucose and lipid levels in the blood and also for the improvement of nutrient intake and diet quality in postmenopausal women who are overweight.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.123-154
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• 1982

Petrochemical, K-Ar dating, Sand Rb/Sr isotopes, metallogenic zoning, paleomagnetic and geotectonic studies of the Gyongsang basin were carried out to examine applicability of plate tectonics to the post-late Cretaceous igneous activity and metallogeny in the southeastern part of Korean Peninsula. The results obtained are as follows: 1. Bulgugsa granitic rocks range from granite to adamellite, whose Q-Ab-Or triangular diagram indicates that the depth and pressure at which the magma consolidated increase from coast to inland varying from 6 km, 0.5-3.3 kb in the coastal area to 17 km, 0.5-10 kb in the inland area. 2. The volcanic rocks in Gyongsang basin range from andesitic to basaltic rocks, and the basaltic rocks are generally tholeiitic in the coastal area and alkali basalt in the inland area. 3. The volcanic rocks of the area have the initial ratio of Sr^{87}/Sr^{86} varying from 0.706 to 0.707 which suggests a continental origin; the ratio of Rb/Sr changing from 0.079-0.157 in the coastal area to 0.021-0.034 in the inland area suggests that the volcanism is getting younger toward coastal side, which may indicate a retreat in stage of differentiation if they were derived from a same magma. The K_2O/SiO_2 (60%) increases from about 1.0 in the coastal area to about 3.0 in the inland area, which may suggest an increase indepth of the Benioff zone, if existed, toward inland side. 4. The K-Ar ages of volcanic rocks were measured to be 79.4 m.y. near Daegu, and 61.7 m.y. near Busan indicating a southeastward decrease in age. The ages of plutonic rocks also decrease toward the same direction with 73 m.y. near Daegu, and 58 m.y. near Busan, so that the volcanism predated the plutonism by 6 m.y. in the continental interior and 4 m.y. along the coast. Such igneous activities provide a positive evidence for an applicability of plate tectonics to this area. 5. Sulfur isotope analyses of sulfide minerals from 8 mines revealed that these deposits were genetically connected with the spacially associated ingeous rocks showing relatively narrow range of ${\delta}^{34}S$ values (-0.9‰ to +7.5‰ except for +13.3 from Mulgum Mine). A sequence of metallogenic zones from the coast to the inland is delineated to be in the order of Fe-Cu zone, Cu-Pb-Zn zone, and W-Mo zone. A few porphyry type copper deposits are found in the Fe-Cu zone. These two facts enable the sequence to be comparable with that of Andean type in South America. 6. The VGP's of Cretaceous and post Cretaceous rocks from Korea are located near the ones($71^{\circ}N$, $180^{\circ}E$ and $90^{\circ}N$, $110^{\circ}E$) obtained from continents of northern hemisphere. This suggests that the Korean peninsula has been stable tectonically since Cretaceous, belonging to the Eurasian continent. 7. Different polar wandering path between Korean peninsula and Japanese islands delineates that there has been some relative movement between them. 8. The variational feature of declination of NRM toward northwestern inland side from southeastern extremity of Korean peninsula suggests that the age of rocks becomes older toward inland side. 9. The geological structure(mainly faults) and trends of lineaments interpreted from the Landsat imagery reveal that NNE-, NWW- and NEE-trends are predominant in the decreasing order of intensity. 10. The NNE-trending structures were originated by tensional and/or compressional forces, the directions of which were parallel and perpendicular respectively to the subduction boundary of the Kula plate during about 90 m.y. B.P. The NWW-trending structures were originated as shear fractures by the same compressional forces. The NEE-trending structures are considered to be priginated as tension fractures parallel to the subduction boundary of the Kula plate during about 70 m.y. B.P. when Japanese islands had drifted toward southeast leaving the Sea of Japan behind. It was clearly demonstrated by many authors that the drifting of Japanese islands was accompanied with a rotational movement of a clock-wise direction, so that it is inferred that subduction boundary had changed from NNE- to NEE-direction. A number of facts and features mentioned above provide a suite of positive evidences enabling application of plate tectonics to the late Cretaceous-early Tertiary igneous activity and metallogeny in the area. Synthesizing these facts, an arc-trench system of continental margin-type is adopted by reconstructing paleogeographic models for the evolution of Korean peninsula and Japan islands. The models involve an extention mechanism behind the are(proto-Japan), by which proto-Japan as of northeastern continuation of Gyongsang zone has been drifted rotationally toward southeast. The zone of igneous activity has also been migrated from the inland in late-Cretaceous to the peninsula margin and southwestern Japan in Tertiary.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.34
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• pp.129-165
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• 2014

K-pop performances are in the center of the contemporary popular arts and cultural industry, and implicitly reveal the way that our society views the body and the time-space. This paper explores the motif of automaton in the K-pop idol group ShiNee's stage performance of 'Everybody' and the song's music video. At the same time, the paper relates the motif with the automaton of the digital era-that is, the sense of time-space in digital animations. The motif of the automaton has its origins in the mythical forms related to the animation, and is related to the human desire to create humanlike forms. Also, this motif is closely linked to the aesthetical meaning of the animation, being played in different variations since the beginning of the animation. This paper explores the tradition of automaton motif in culture and the arts, and look into the cases in which the history of the relationship between the media and body performance harboring the automaton motif has been displayed in 19th century ballet or modern body expressional arts. In addition, this paper will compare and analyze representative contemporary works that reveal digital viewpoint and the choreography of 'Everybody', and compare other works that stand in similar aesthetic tradition, investigating the influence of digital animation reflected in the K-pop idol and its aesthetic and social undertones.

• ALGAE
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.121-137
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• 2015

Studies on carbon flux in the oceans have been highlighted in recent years due to increasing awareness about climate change, but the coastal ecosystem remains one of the unexplored fields in this regard. In this study, the dynamics of carbon flux in a vegetative coastal ecosystem were examined by an evaluation of net and gross ecosystem production (NEP and GEP) and $CO_2$ exchange rates (net ecosystem exchange, NEE). To estimate NEP and GEP, community production and respiration were measured along different habitat types (eelgrass and macroalgal beds, shallow and deep sedimentary, and deep rocky shore) at Gwangyang Bay, Korea from 20 June to 20 July 2007. Vegetative areas showed significantly higher ecosystem production than the other habitat types. Specifically, eelgrass beds had the highest daily GEP ($6.97{\pm}0.02g\;C\;m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$), with a large amount of biomass and high productivity of eelgrass, whereas the outer macroalgal vegetation had the lowest GEP ($0.97{\pm}0.04g\;C\;m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$). In addition, macroalgal vegetation showed the highest daily NEP ($3.31{\pm}0.45g\;C\;m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$) due to its highest P : R ratio (2.33). Furthermore, the eelgrass beds acted as a $CO_2$ sink through the air-seawater interface according to NEE data, with a carbon sink rate of $0.63mg\;C\;m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$. Overall, ecosystem production was found to be extremely high in the vegetated systems (eelgrass and macroalgal beds), which occupy a relatively small area compared to the unvegetated systems according to our conceptual diagram of a carbon-flux box model. These results indicate that the vegetative ecosystems showed significantly high capturing efficiency of inorganic carbon through coastal primary production.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.407-420
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• 2002

The Buddhist Triad Cave in Gunwi (National treasure No. 109) consists of porphyritic biotite granite, and it has been deteriorated into microorganic smears, white films, brown rusts, granular decay, color changes, and joints by the same weathering factors as rain, moisture, temperature variation and microorganic living. Main origin is probably the rain that leaks into the cave along joints in Palgongsan granite, and then its moisture grows many microorganism and is frozen over during winter. The granites around the cave regularly develop two NEE and NWW joint sets that are conjugate to be a joint system. The NEE set extends far away with narrow joint spacings and affects the leakage of the rains, and is divided into 4 joint zones, among which J$_{m}$ and J$_{3}$ immediately affect the leaking water into the cave. An extensional Joint, in northern wall of the cave, was formed by toppling of the block between J$_{m}$and J$_{3}$joint zones from widening the Jm aperture by roots of a big pine tree, and passes through the J$_{m}$joint zone. This bypass allows no circulation of small rain, but a good circulation of heavy rain from influx to the cave for a long pathway. Many Joints and cracks, in the ceiling near the cave entrance, immediately get through the J$_3$ joint zone, and have a good circulation of small rain 10 mm. Both J$_{m}$and J$_{3}$ joint zones are, therefore, chief influxes that cause leakage of the rains.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.337-347
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• 2016

Carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) and methane ($CH_4$) were measured in a rice-barley double cropping and rice mono cropping paddy fields, which are located in the southwestern coast of Korea, over a one-year period. Net ecosystems $CO_2$ exchange (NEE) and ecosystem respiration (Re) were estimated by the eddy covariance (EC) method, and an automatic open/close chamber (AOCC) method was used to measure $CH_4$ fluxes. Environmental factors (solar radiation, air temperature, precipitation etc.) were also measured along with fluxes. After the quality control and gap-filling, the observed fluxes were analyzed. As a result, NEE was -603.0 and $-471.5g\;C\;m^{-2}\;yr^{-1}$ in rice-barley double cropping and rice mono cropping paddy field, respectively. $CH_4$ emissions increased during the course of flooded days and were similar in two cropping paddy field. Accoding to rough results considering only fluxes of $CO_2$ and $CH_4$, it was estimated that the carbon absorbation in rice-barley double cropping paddy field was higher than that in rice mono cropping paddy field by $128.9g\;C\;m^{-2}\;yr^{-1}$.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.11 no.1 s.14
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• pp.15-27
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• 2002

The Buddhist Triad Cave in Gunwi, which consists of porphyritic biotite granite, has been deteriorated by a few weatherings. Origin of the weatherings is rain that can be leaked into the cave. Therefore the author investigates a few possible joints and bypasses leaking water, and reinforces any protective schemes for the rain influx. The porphyritic granite around the cave regularly develops two NEE and NWW joint sets. The NEE joint set could be divided into 4 joint zones among which $J_m\;and\;J_3$ may directly affect the leaking water into the cave. A extensional joint, in northern wall of the cave, runs through the $J_m$ joint zone. A small rain could rarely gets through the bypass, but a heavy rain has a good circulation through the joints to be leaked into the cave for a long time because of its long way. Many joints and cracks, in the ceiling near the cave entrance, immediately get to the $J_3$ joint zone, and have a good circulation of a small rain 10 mm. It is the desirable protective schemes that forbid rains to influx along the ranges from L -9 m to +10 m in the $J_m$ joint zone and upper half circle with radius 5 m in the $J_3$ joint zone. The joint apertures should be filled with a petro-epoxy and petro-filler to stop the water flow.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.729-739
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• 2017

The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model and Vegetation Photosynthesis and Respiration Model (VPRM) were coupled to simulate atmospheric $CO_2$ concentrations. The performance of the WRF-VPRM to simulate regional scale $CO_2$ concentration was estimated over coastal basin areas. Either Hestia 2011(HST) or Vulcan 2002(VUL) anthropogenic $CO_2$ emission data were used in two numerical experiments for the study regions. Simulated meteorological variables were validated with ground and background $CO_2$ measurement data, and the results show that the model captured temporal variations of $CO_2$ concentration on a daily basis. $CO_2$ directional analysis revealed that the dominant $CO_2$ emission sources are located S and SW. The simulated Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE) agreed relatively well with measured $CO_2$ fluxes at each vegetation class site, showing approximately 40% at max improvement at shrub areas.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.30 no.6 s.154
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• pp.840-850
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• 2006

This thesis that is written by inquiring the shoes of 1990's, is written in order to propose the method of analyzing the changes of shoes design systematically. The picture to be gathered was a content analysis low at ARS and Accessory Collegioni since though the research method took shoes to $1990{\sim}1999$. I categorized the design factors into shape, material, color, decoration. by using those category, the result of analysis of design character. In 1,990's, boots, pumps and straps were the most popular in upper, point and rounded cuban and french were the most popular in toe, leather was the most popular in materiel, suede in F/W and patent in S/S. Black was the most popular color, brown in F/W and white/beige in S/S were the second. Re-created shape that was constructed through the reconstructions of structures and shapes of shoes, shape that was expanded to other genre were appeared in character of design factor. Material image was strengthened by varying patterns of unburned calf, leopard and zebra. Recognition of shoes color was expanded by using unique colorations and abstract, fresh figure colors. Post-modem tendency was appeared like using brassiere strap instead of back strap or using round string in elegant shoes.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.241-249
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• 2017

This study was to determine the effectiveness of oral decontamination with chlorhexidine for prevention of ventilator associated pneumonia(VAP) using meta-analysis. MEDLINE, Pubmed, Cochrane library CINAHL and RISS, Koreamed, KISS databases were searched. key words used 'Ventilator-associated pneumonia', 'oral care', 'chlorhexidine' Ninety studies met the inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis. data were analyzed by the Revman 5.3 program of cochrane library and assessed for methodological quality using RoB (The Cochrane's Risk of Bias). The main findings of the current study suggest that chlorhexidine oral care have a positive impact on Ventilator associated pneumonia.