• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.14 no.7
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• pp.2904-2918
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• 2020

With a huge demand for replicated content on the Internet, a new networking paradigm called information-centric networking (ICN) has been introduced for efficient content dissemination. In ICN, named content is distributed over the network cache and it is accessed by name instead of a location identifier. These aspects allow users to retrieve content from any of the nodes having replicas, and consequently 1) network resources are more efficiently utilized by avoiding redundant transmission and 2) more scalable services are provided by distributing server loads. However, in-network caching in ICN brings about a new type of security issues, called content poisoning attacks, where fabricated content is located in the network cache and interferes with the normal behavior of the system. In this paper, we look into the problems of content poisoning in ICN and discuss security architectures against them. In particular, we reconsider the state-of-the-art schemes from the perspective of feasibility, and propose a practical security architecture.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.60 no.12
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• pp.32.1-32.10
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• 2018

Background: Necdin (NDN), a member of the melanoma antigen family showing imprinted pattern of expression, has been implicated as causing Prader-Willi symptoms, and known to participate in cellular growth, cellular migration and differentiation. The region where NDN is located has been associated to QTLs affecting reproduction and early growth in cattle, but location and functional analysis of the molecular mechanisms have not been established. Methods: Here we report the sequence variation of the entire coding sequence from 72 samples of cattle, yak, buffalo, goat and sheep, and discuss its variation in Bovidae. Median-joining network analysis was used to analyze the variation found in the species. Synonymous and non-synonymous substitution rates were determined for the analysis of all the polymorphic sites. Phylogenetic analysis were carried out among the species of Bovidae to reconstruct their relationships. Results: From the phylogenetic analysis with the consensus sequences of the studied Bovidae species, we found that only 11 of the 26 nucleotide changes that differentiate them produced amino acid changes. All the SNPs found in the cattle breeds were novel and showed similar percentages of nucleotides with non-synonymous substitutions at the N-terminal, MHD and C-terminal (12.3, 12.8 and 12.5%, respectively), and were much higher than the percentage of synonymous substitutions (2.5, 2.6 and 4.9%, respectively). Three mutations in cattle and one in sheep, detected in heterozygous individuals were predicted to be deleterious. Additionally, the analysis of the biochemical characteristics in the most common form of the proteins in each species show very little difference in molecular weight, pI, net charge, instability index, aliphatic index and GRAVY (Table 4) in the Bovidae species, except for sheep, which had a higher molecular weight, instability index and GRAVY. Conclusions: There is sufficient variation in this gene within and among the studied species, and because NDN carry key functions in the organism, it can have effects in economically important traits in the production of these species. NDN sequence is phylogenetically informative in this group, thus we propose this gene as a phylogenetic marker to study the evolution and conservation in Bovidae.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.721-729
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• 2016

CCN(Content-Centric Network) enables users to retrieve content using the content's name. Researchers face critical challenges in terms of mobility. Since the routing information is part of the content name, when the provider moves, it is necessary to update all the routers routing information. However, this requires significant costs. In this paper, we propose PNPCCN(Proactive Neighbor Pushing CCN), considering the popularity and rarity of mobility support, for providers in CCN environments. Via simulation studies, we demonstrate that our solutions are effective in terms of shorter numbers of retransmitted Interest packets, and average download times and higher delivery ratios during mobility.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.37 no.8C
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• pp.703-710
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• 2012

The new article, related to temporary copy on exploitation of copyrighted works, has been introduced in the copyright law as partly revised on December 2, 2011. While number of researches on in-network caching including Content-Centric Networking are conducted quite actively in recent years, the need for legal and institutional considerations has arisen since temporal storage (i.e. temporal copy) may be made not only at user devices but also in routers such as network equipments. This paper examines issues on temporary copy of copyrighted works mainly focusing on the articles and the related articles of the recently revised copyright law as well as the Free Trade Agreement between the Republic of Korea and the United States of America and further studies necessary institutions required to actualize in-network caching.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.975-985
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• 2018

ICN architecture, one of future Internet technologies, proposes that content request packets toward a content source can be responded by several distributed nodes. So, ICN can solve network congestion which is happened around content sources and provide a seamless content distribution service regardless of the network and system statuses of content sources. Especially, CCN implements content caching functionality in network nodes so that such intermediated network nodes can themselves respond to content requests. However, when receiving content from distributed nodes, users receiving content cannot authenticate the nodes providing the content. So CCN is vulnerable to various attacks such as an impersonation attack, a data pollution attack, and so on. This paper first describes CCN content authentication and its weakness. Then it proposes an improved content authentication scheme based on a blockchain and evaluates the performance of the proposed scheme.

• KIPS Transactions on Computer and Communication Systems
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• v.7 no.9
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• pp.235-242
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• 2018

Various technologies have been developed to more efficiently share content such as P2P, CDN, and CCN. These technologies take a common approach that content request packets is responded by distributed network nodes or hosts, not by a single content distributor. Such approaches not only resolve network congestion around content distributors, but also make it possible to distribute content regardless of the system and network status of content distributors. However, when receiving content from distributed nodes/hosts, not from authenticated distributors, users cannot practically identify which node/host sent content to them. Due to this characteristic, various hacking caused by the malicious modification of content is possible. Therefore, to make such approaches more secure, a content authentication technique is required. In this paper, we propose a improved operation of MHT used in CCN for authenticating distributed content. Then we evaluate the proposed method by comparing its performance with the existing technology.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.9 no.12
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• pp.4912-4933
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• 2015

Information Centric Networking (ICN) has recently attracted great attention. It names the content decoupling from the location and introduces network caching, making the content to be cached anywhere within the network. The benefits of such design are obvious, however, many challenges still need to be solved. Among them, the local caching policy is widely discussed and it can be further divided into two parts, namely the cache permission policy and the cache replacement policy. The former is used to decide whether an incoming content should be cached while the latter is used to evict a cached content if required. The Internet is a user-oriented network and popular contents always have much more requests than unpopular ones. Caching such popular contents closer to the user's location can improve the network performance, and consequently, the local caching policy is required to identify popular contents. However, considering the line speed requirement of ICN routers, the local caching policy whose complexity is larger than O(1) cannot be applied. In terms of the replacement policy, Least Recently Used (LRU) is selected as the default one for ICN because of its low complexity, although its ability to identify the popular content is poor. Hence, the identification of popular contents should be completed by the cache permission policy. In this paper, a cache permission policy called Cache-Filter, whose complexity is O(1), is proposed, aiming to store popular contents closer to users. Cache-Filter takes the content popularity into account and achieves the goal through the collaboration of on-path nodes. Extensive simulations are conducted to evaluate the performance of Cache-Filter. Leave Copy Down (LCD), Move Copy Down (MCD), Betw, ProbCache, ProbCache⁺, Prob(p) and Probabilistic Caching with Secondary List (PCSL) are also implemented for comparison. The results show that Cache-Filter performs well. For example, in terms of the distance to access to contents, compared with Leave Copy Everywhere (LCE) used by Named Data Networking (NDN) as the permission policy, Cache-Filter saves over 17% number of hops.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.839-847
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• 2015

To seamlessly provide content through the Internet, it is generally considered to use distributed processing for content requests converged on original content providers like P2P, CDN, and ICN. That is, after other nodes temporally save content, they handle content requests instead of original content providers. However, in this case, it may be possible that a content sender is different from the original provider of the content. In this case, users may be exposed to various risks. To solve such a problem, it is highly recommended to verify received contents before using them, but it can cause network traffic increases as well as a serious service delay. This paper proposes an efficient content verification scheme for distributed networking/data store environments and analyzes its performance.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.69-75
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• 2021

Limitation of the TCP/IP network technology included in the vehicle communication is due to the frequent mobility of the vehicle, the increase in intermittent connection requirements, and the constant presence of the possibility of vehicle hacking. VNDN technology enables the transfer of the name you are looking for using textual information without the need for vehicle identifiers like IP/ID. In addition, intermittent connectivity communication is possible rather than end-to-end connection communication. The data itself is the subject of communication based on name-based forwarding using two types of packets: Interest packet and Data packet. One of the issues to be solved for the realization of infotainment services under the VNDN environment is the traffic explosion caused by data broadcasting. In this paper, we analyze and compare the existing technologies to reduce the data broadcast storm. Through this, we derive and analyze the requirements for presenting the best data mitigation technique for solving the data explosion phenomenon in the VNDN environment. We expect this paper can be utilized as prior knowledge in researching improved forwarding techniques to resolve the data broadcast explosion in connected vehicles over NDN.