• 무역상무연구
• /
• 제58권
• /
• pp.149-177
• /
• 2013

This article introduces and briefly examines the Uniform Rules for Forfaiting (URF)(ICC Publication No. 800), which were prepared by a joint project of the Banking Commission of the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) and the International Forfaiting Association (IFA), and became effective on January 1, 2013. Forfaiting is a kind of trade financing technic performed by way of a sale and purchase of payment claim between its seller and its buyer, the forfaiter, on a without recourse basis. URF is designed to facilitate global trade finance and embraces all the international payment instruments which are currently used and will be newly developed in the future. URF is expected to be a set of standardized terms and conditions for both the primary and secondary forfaiting markets. In this context, this article first looks into the concept of the forfaiting and certain features and structure of forfaiting transactions. Then this article moves to discussing URF itself. For this it examines (i) the nature and scope of URF and some important definitions provided in URF, (ii) some provisions of URF that apply to the delivery of documents to the forfaiter, the examination, and the acceptance or refusal, of such documents by the forfaiter, and (iii) the payment of purchase price by the forfaiter to its seller, including the matter of "payment under reserve" and repurchase by the seller from the forfaiter. Finally, this article examines liabilities of the parties concerned, before conclusion.

• 한국산림과학회지
• /
• 제94권5호통권162호
• /
• pp.321-329
• /
• 2005

Based on the data representing four typical Korean pine forest types, the age structure, DBH distribution, species composition, and forking rule were systemically analyzed for old-growth Korean pine forest in Liangshui Nature Reserve, northeast China. The age structure of Korean pine trees was strongly uneven-aged with one dominated peak following normal distribution, and age of trees varied from 100 to 180 years within a stand. The DBH and height differences in same age class (20 years) varied from 28 cm~64 cm and 5 to 20 m, respectively. Many conifer and hard wood species, such as spruce, fir, costata birch, basswood, oak, and elm, were mixed with dominated trees of Korean pine. The canopy of the old-growth Korean pine forest can be divided into two layers, and differences of mean age and height between Layer I and Layer II were ranged 80~150 years and 7~13 m, respectively. The Weibull function was used to model the diameter distribution and performed well to describe size-class distribution either with a single peak in over-story canopy and inverse J-shape in under-story canopy for old-growth Korean pine stands. The forking height of Korean pine trees ranged from 16m to 24 m (mean 19.4 m) and tree age about 120 to 160 years old. The results will provide a scientific basis to protect and recover the ecosystem of natural old-growth Korean pine and also provide the model in management of Korean pine plantation.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
• /
• 제33권3호
• /
• pp.153-158
• /
• 1994

서부호주 밀재배 지역의 Durokoppin 자연보호 구역내 흰개미(Drepanotemes tamminensis(Hill)) 집의 분포와 밀도에 있어서 토양형보다는 식물상이 주된 영향을 미치는 것으로 밝혀졌다. D. tamminensis의 집은 Woodland (우점종-Eucalyptus Capillosa)와 Casuarina (우점종-Allocasuarina campestris) 식물군에서 가장 높은 밀도를 보였다. 비록 Booram 토양형에서 개미집 밀도가 높은 경향을 보였으나, 개미집 분포에 있어서 토양형이 미치는 영향은 없었다.

• Journal of Microbiology
• /
• 제45권3호
• /
• pp.193-198
• /
• 2007

A marine bacterium was isolated from Mai Po Nature Reserve of Hong Kong and identified as Vibrio cholerae MP-1. It contains a small plasmid designated as pVC of 3.8 kb. Four open reading frames (ORFs) are identified on the plasmid, but none of them shows homology to any known protein. Database search indicated that a 440 bp fragment is 96% identical to a fragment found in a small plasmid of another V. cholerae. Further experiments demonstrated that a 2.3 kb EcoRI fragment containing the complete ORF1, partial ORF4 and their intergenic region could self-replicate. Additional analyses revealed that sequence upstream of ORF1 showed the features characteristic of theta type replicons. Protein encoded by ORF1 has two characteristic motifs existed in most replication initiator proteins (Rep): the leucine zipper (LZ) motif located at the N-terminal region and the alpha helix-turn-alpha helix motif (HTH) located at the C-terminal end. The results suggest that pVC replicates via the theta type mechanism and is likely a novel type of theta replicon.

• 대한전기학회논문지:전력기술부문A
• /
• 제48권3호
• /
• pp.234-240
• /
• 1999

This paper presents a new approach for large-scale generator maintenance scheduling optimizations. The generator preventive maintenance scheduling problems are typical discrete dynamic n-dimensional vector optimization ones with several inequality constraints. The considered objective function to be minimized a subset of{{{{ { R}^{n } }}}} space is the variance (i.g., second-order momentum) of operating reserve margin to levelize risk or reliability during a year. By its nature of the objective function, the optimal solution can only be obtained by enumerating all combinatorial states of each variable, a task which leads to computational explosion in real-world maintenance scheduling problems. This paper proposes a new priority search mechanism based on each generator's discrete sensitivity value which was analytically developed in this study. Unlike the conventional capacity-based priority search, it can prevent the local optimal trap to some extents since it changes dynamically the search tree in each iteration. The proposed method have been applied to two test systems (i.g., one is a sample system with 10 generators and the other is a real-world lage scale power system with 280 generators), and the results anre compared with those of the conventional capacith-based search method and combinatorial optimization method to show the efficiency and effectiveness of the algorithm.

• 한국조경학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국조경학회 2007년도 Journal of Landscape Architecture in Asia Vol.3
• /
• pp.171-179
• /
• 2007

Ecotourism has a concept of conservation as a basis, for economic and social values are derived from the sustainable use of natural resources. This study aims to introduce natural landscape of the Cairngorms National Park in Scotland and to describe its conservation and tourism in the Park, in order to provide the implication of landscape conservation of National Parks in Korea. Although the National Parks of Scotland were officially established long after those of England and Wales, their important features had already been internationally recognised and designated as Sites of Special Scientific Interest(SSSI), National Nature Reserve(NNR), or National Scenic Area(NSA). These focus on landscape conservation and are managed by Scottish Natural Heritage(SNH). The Cairngorms National Park focuses on landscape conservation and recreation, and has been the subject of a number of initiatives attempting to assess landscape resource potential and its current and future management. This implies that a carefully preserved landscape has the effect of a tourism resource in which tourists look for novelty embedded in the typicality of the landscape of the National Park. The typical landscape which is conserved in the Cairngorms National Park is understood as both an objective representative and a subjective ideal involving the meaning of the landscape. This is implicit in the tourist booklet that promotes the sightseeing activities of tourists. It is thus important that National Parks should be focused both on managing landscape as well as promoting tourism.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
• /
• 제19권2호
• /
• pp.79-85
• /
• 2002

The cutaneous tolerability of detergent formulations can be improved by means of suitable additives. They complex the surfactant molecules lowering the concentration of their free monomeric species. Proteins derivatives used as additives for detergency are usually prepared by partial hydrolysis of plant reserve proteins. The main purpose of the hydrolytic cleavage is to make them water soluble and suitable for liquid products. Water solubility and stability are obtained by means of complexation with surfactants which also increase their actual hydrophobicity, an important parameter affecting cosmetic properties of proteins. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and electric capacitance (EC) have been adopted as investigation technigues to evaluate the skin integrity/damage in vitro tests, The performance of native wheat protein / surfactant complexes has been compared with traditional protein hydrolysates as detergent additives. The results show a noticeable reduction of skin irritation in surfactant formulations with addition of native wheat protein.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• 제29권8호
• /
• pp.1255-1265
• /
• 2019

To investigate the diversity of gastrointestinal microflora and lignocellulose-degrading enzymes in wild Asian elephants, three of these animals living in the same group were selected for study from the Wild Elephant Valley in the Xishuangbanna Nature Reserve of Yunnan Province, China. Fresh fecal samples from the three wild Asian elephants were analyzed by metagenomic sequencing to study the diversity of their gastrointestinal microbes and cellulolytic enzymes. There were a high abundance of Firmicutes and a higher abundance of hemicellulose-degrading hydrolases than cellulose-degrading hydrolases in the wild Asian elephants. Furthermore, there were a high abundance and a rich diversity of carbohydrate active enzymes (CAZymes) obtained from the gene set annotation of the three samples, with the majority of them showing low identity with the CAZy database entry. About half of the CAZymes had no species source at the phylum or genus level. These indicated that the wild Asian elephants might possess greater ability to digest hemicellulose than cellulose to provide energy, and moreover, the gastrointestinal tracts of these pachyderms might be a potential source of novel efficient lignocellulose-degrading enzymes. Therefore, the exploitation and utilization of these enzyme resources could help us to alleviate the current energy crisis and ensure food security.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• 제45권1호
• /
• pp.24-39
• /
• 2021

Background: To address the lack of evidence supporting invasion by three invasive plant species (Imperata cylindrica, Lantana camara, and Chromolaena odorata) in tropical ecosystems, we compared the ecophysiological and leaf anatomical traits of these three invasive alien species with those of species native to Sempu Island, Indonesia. Data on four plant traits were obtained from the TRY Plant Trait Database, and leaf anatomical traits were measured using transverse leaf sections. Results: Two ecophysiological traits including specific leaf area (SLA) and seed dry weight showed significant association with plant invasion in the Sempu Island Nature Reserve. Invasive species showed higher SLA and lower seed dry weight than non-invasive species. Moreover, invasive species showed superior leaf anatomical traits including sclerenchymatous tissue thickness, vascular bundle area, chlorophyll content, and bundle sheath area. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that leaf anatomical traits strongly influenced with cumulative variances (100% in grass and 88.92% in shrubs), where I. cylindrica and C. odorata outperformed non-invasive species in these traits. Conclusions: These data suggest that the traits studied are important for plant invasiveness since ecophysiological traits influence of light capture, plant growth, and reproduction while leaf anatomical traits affect herbivory, photosynthetic assimilate transport, and photosynthetic activity.

• 식물분류학회지
• /
• 제52권2호
• /
• pp.108-113
• /
• 2022

Amblovenatum immersum (Blume) Mazumdar (Thelypteridaceae) is newly recorded in Vietnam. It is similar to A. terminans (Panigrahi) J. P. Roux in its woody rhizome and cristate spores but differs in terms of its plant size, lobed pinnae, lobed segments, veinlets, sori and indusia. It was previously found to exist in China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Sri Lanka, and Thailand as well as in east Africa, tropical America, northern Australia and Micronesia. The present study provides a detailed description, photos, and line drawing of the species. Furthermore, a comparison of the diagnostic characters with the closely related species in Vietnam A. terminans is provided.