• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.308-312
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• 2012

BACKGROUND: The nutrient balance in Korea during 1985-2006 had continually increased and maintained the highest levels among OECD countries. The use of green manure crops such as barley and hairy vetch is common practice for reducing chemical fertilizer application and maintaining soil fertility. However, green manure crops can also be used as a livestock feeding material which may reduce nutrient balance in the national scale. We calculated nitrogen and phosphate balance under green manure-rice cultivating system where all green manure was removed and used for feeding livestock. METHODS AND RESULTS: The barley and hairy vetch grown in pure stands or in mixtures with different sowing rates were tested for rice cultivation without chemical fertilization. The conventional fertilization (NPK) for rice cultivation was selected to compare nutrient balance with green manure-rice cultivation. Nitrogen and phosphate balance were calculated according to the surface balance method of the PARCOM guidelines. Total aboveground biomass of mixture (barley and hairy vetch) was higher compared to that of pure barley or hairy vetch. Among the mixture with barley and hairy vetch, the highest aboveground biomass was observed in B75H25 (barley 75%+hairy vetch 25%). The nitrogen and phosphate balance in the B75H25 mixture was-104 kg N/ha and-50.3 kg P/ha, respectively. CONCLUSION(S): The barley and hairy vetch mixture proved to be a very effective strategy for biomass production of green manure. The amount of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer to be applied is estimated to be 104 kg N/ha and 50.3 kg P/ha in order to maintain soil fertility if all green manure and rice straw were removed from rice field for livestock feeding.

• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.169-175
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to analyze and compare the effect of resistance exercise and balance exercise on proprioception and WOMAC index of patients with degenerative knee osteoarthritis. A total of 40 subjects participated in this study. The subjects were diagnosed with degenerative knee osteoarthritis and all were more than 60 years old. They were divided into three groups. Group I(n=8) was trained with resistance exercise, Group II(n=6) was trained with balance exercise and Group III(n=6) was trained with range of motion as a control. The results of this study were as follows. It was significantly indicated that the resistance exercise group and balance exercise group elicited error-reduction on proprioception goal-angle (p<.05). There was a statistically significant difference on proprioception between resistance exercise group and control(range of motion) group. There was a statistically significant reduction on WOMAC index between resistance exercise group and balance exercise group (p<.05) and on the WOMAC index between resistance exercise group and range of motion group(p<.05). In conclusion, resistance exercise and balance exercise are effective on degenerative knee osteoarthritis and resistance exercise is the most effective for improving proprioception and WOMAC index. More research on the intervention according to the degree of degenerative knee osteoarthritis is needed.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.159-165
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• 2018

Purpose: The aims of this study were to determine if game-based training with constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) is effective in improving the balance ability in female patients with a total knee replacement, and to provide clinical knowledge of CIMT game-based training that allows the application of total knee replacement. Methods: Thirty-six patients who had undergone a total knee replacement were assigned randomly to CIMT game training (n=12), general game training (n=12), and self-exercise (n=12) groups. All interventions were conducted 3 times a week for 4 weeks. All patients used a continuous passive motion machine 5 times a week and 2 times a day for 4 weeks. The visual analog scale (VAS), muscle strength of knee flexion and extension, and range of motion (ROM) of knee flexion and extension were assessed, and the functional reach test (FRT), and timed up and go (TUG) test were performed to evaluate the balance ability. Results: All 3 groups showed significant improvement in the VAS, knee flexion and extension muscle strength, FRT, and TUG test after the intervention (p<0.05). Post hoc analysis revealed significant differences in FRT, and TUG of the CIMT game training group compared to the other group (p<0.05). Conclusion: Although the general game training and CIMT game training improved both the knee extension muscle strength and dynamic balance ability, CIMT game training had a larger effect on dynamic balance control.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.39-47
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of a horse riding simulator and galvanic vestibular stimulation on improving the ability to balance posture and proprioception. Thirty healthy adults participated and were randomly assigned to a horse riding simulator group ($n_1$=10), galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) group ($n_2$=10), control group ($n_3$=10). Experiment groups were trained 3 times per week over 6 weeks. The ability to balance posture was measured by force plate and proprioception was measured by Joint position sense. The following results were obtained. the changes of balance index were significant interaction in each group in accordance with the experiment time in 0, 3 and 6 weeks (p<.05). All groups showed the most decreasing pattern compared with the control group. But was not statistically significant. Proprioception was significant interaction in each group in accordance with the experiment time (p<.05). All groups showed the most decreasing pattern compared with the control group. The above results indicated that the 6 weeks horse riding simulator and galvanic vestibular stimulation training demonstrated positive effects in the ability to balance posture and proprioception. These results suggest that the horse riding simulator and galvanic vestibular stimulation training could be therapeutic intervention that can improve balance and postural control.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.238-244
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• 2021

Purpose: Menstruation is associated with menstrual symptoms like pain and balance problems which have an impact on the quality of life. Pilates increases pelvic stability and reduces menstrual pain by inducing abdominal muscle contraction. This study was done to evaluate the effects of Pilates on menstrual pain, symptoms, balance, and quality of life when compared to aerobic exercise. Methods: Thirty-nine women with menstrual pain were randomly divided into the Pilates group (n=13), aerobics group (n=13), and control group (n=13). The Pilates group performed lumbar-pelvic stabilization exercises, while the aerobic group ran on a treadmill. The control group did not undergo any intervention. The experimental groups exercised for four weeks (12 sessions) and did not exercise during menstruation. The Y-balance test was performed on the second day of menstruation to evaluate dynamic balance. The questionnaires administered immediately after menstruation were the visual analog scale (VAS), Korea Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and the modified Menstrual Distress Questionnaire (MDQ). The paired t-test was used to compare the effect of exercise within the three groups and a oneway analysis of variance was used to compare between groups. Results: VAS and MEDI-Q scores significantly decreased in the Pilates group after 4 weeks compared with those in the aerobic and control groups. Moreover, ODI and Y-balance scores increased in the Pilates group compared with those in the aerobic and control groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: The Pilates stabilization exercises are effective and help in improving menstrual pain, balance and other menstrual symptoms assessed through ODI, and MEDI-Q, compared to aerobic exercises.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.139-150
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• 2019

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to determine the effects of treadmill gait training with obstacle-crossing on the static and dynamic balance ability of patients with post stroke hemiplegia. METHODS: Twenty-one patients with post stroke hemiplegia were divided into three groups as: treadmill gait training with obstacle-crossing (TOG, n=7), treadmill gait training without obstacle-crossing (TGG, n=7) and a control (CON, n=7). TOG and TGG performed exercise for 20 minutes, three times a week for 8 weeks. Static balance ability (stability typical, ST; weight distribution index, WDI; fourier harmony index, FHI; and fall index, FI) and dynamic balance ability (berg balance scale, BBS and timed up and go test, TUG) were measured before and after 8 -weeks in each exercise group. Statistical analyses were conducted using two-way ANOVA with repeated measures, a paired t-test, and multiple comparisons according to Tukey's HSD. RESULTS: FHI and BBS were significantly increased at TOG (p<.01) and TGG (p<.05) after 8-weeks compared to before treadmill gait training with obstacle-crossing. FHI and BBS were significantly increased at TOG compared with CON and TGG (p<.05). CONCLUSION: Treadmill gait training with obstacle-crossing was more effective than that without obstacle-crossing to improve posture control and independent daily life performance of hemiplegia patients.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.133-142
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of balance using ankle strategy during adjusted balance training and muscle training in normal young female adults. Methods: There were eighteen participants. All subjects were randomly assigned to three groups, the control group (n=6), the adjusted balance training group (n=6) and the muscle training group (n=6). Subjects were assessed for each subject by a pretest and a posttest at 1 week, 2 weeks, and 3 weeks, measuring the anterior-posterior limit of stability, trace length and EMG data for the tibialis anterior and lateral gastrocnemius. Results: The anterior-posterior limit of stability significantly increased in the training group (p<0.05). The trace length significantly decreased in the training group (p<0.05). The muscle activity of the tibialis anterior and lateral gastrocnemius also significantly decreased in the training group (p<0.05). Conclusion: We confirmed that both the balance training group and the muscle training group significantly increased the anterior-posterior limit of stability and decreased trace length and muscle activity. Further studies are needed to analyze the long-term effects on subjects resulting from these changes.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.1-8
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• 2010

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of virtual exercise training programs on the improvement of balance in the elderly women. Methods: The subjects were fifteen female citizens, 67 years of age or older living in G city, the subjects were randomly divided into groups; Virtual exercise training group(n=9), control group (n=6). After treatment measured balance by Berg Balance scale test and One-leg stand test during virtual exercise training program at pre-intervention and post-intervention. Results : The results of this study were as follows : Virtual Exercise Training Program (Wii fit) after applying the Berg balance test scores and One-Legged Stance Test, the evaluation results showed significant results(p<05). Conclusion : Virtual exercise training programs can be used to improve the balance of the elderly, as it has been shown to increase Berg balance test and one-leg stand results conducted after virtual training programs. Virtual Exercise Programs(Wii fit) were applied to demonstrate the effecting the balance of the elderly to promote more research on the impact of the ADL survey.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.435-443
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• 2010

Purpose : The goal of this study was to identify the effects of treadmill walking training (TW) and ergometer bicycle training (EB) on gait and balance in stroke patients. Methods : The subjects consisted of 42 stroke patients. They were randomly divided to two groups: TW(n=20) and EB(n=22). Each group trained along with the conventional physical therapy, three times a week for six weeks. The ability of gait was assessed by the 10m walk test and Timed Up and Go test(TUG). The ability of balance was assessed by Berg Balance Scale(BBS) and Balance Performance Monitor(BPM). Results : There was no significant difference between the 10m walking test and TUG groups, but there was a statistical difference between before and after the training for all groups. The result of BBS that assessed balance showed a significant reduction between before and after the training for all groups, but there was no difference between the two groups. While the two groups showed no difference in the BPM assessment, only the EB showed a significant improvement of before and after the training in each group. Conclusion : The outcomes suggest that stroke patients can improve their gait and balance performance through the TW and EB trainings. Although dynamic mean balance showed significance from EB, no significant difference was found between two groups. Even though it cannot be determined through this study which training group is more effective among the above mentioned two, it could be suggested that each training is effective to gait ability and the ability of balance of stroke patients.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.292-297
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• 2020

Background: Ankle sprain is one of the most common musculoskeletal injuries in the sports population or during usual daily life activities. The sprain can cause functional ankle instability (FAI), and it is very important to treat FAI. However, the optimum intervention method for FAI has yet to be determined. Objects: This study investigated the impact that virtual reality (VR) training program on balance with ankle kinesio taping for FAI. Methods: Twenty-two people were selected for the study and randomly divided into the experimental (n = 11) and the control group (n = 11). The experimental group had attached kinesio taping on the ankle and then implemented a virtual reality exercise program for 30 minutes a day. Nintendo Wii Fit Plus was used for the VR intervention three times a week for four weeks. The control group performed only two measurements without intervention. Results: There were no statistically significant differences in overall, anterior-posterior (AP), medial-lateral (ML) index of the static balance, and significant differences in overall, AP, ML index of the dynamic balance when taping and VR exercise were applied at the same time (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in overall and ML index of static and dynamic balance compared with before and after assessment between the experimental and the control group, and found differences in AP index of static and dynamic balance (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Kinesio taping may not influence the balance of FAI as great as people expected. VR approach does not affect the static balance of FAI, but it influences dynamic balance in overall, AP, ML index. The authors suggest that VR-based exercises can be used as an additional concept in clinicians for FAI or as part of a home program because the exercises still have limitations.