• Journal of Sport and Applied Science
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.1-8
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• 2021

Purpose: Sarcopenia is defined as a decrease in muscle mass, strength, and function with age that affects overall body function. We aimed to investigate the effect of combined training on body composition, balance, and muscle function in sarcopenia elderly. Research design, data, and methodology: Twenty-eight sarcopenia elderly (age 74.9±4.5 years) were randomly assigned to an exercise, EG (n=14), or a control, CG (n=14), group. The EG performed an intervention consisting of combined exercise training (60-75 min) for a total of 12 weeks, three times a week. The CG maintained their usual daily lifestyle during the intervention period. We measured body weight, body mass index (BMI), % body fat, free fat mass, balance ability, peak torque in shoulder, knee, and lumbar joints normalized for bodyweight in one second. Results: The EG showed improved body composition (i.e., BMI, fat-free body mass, fat mass; all p < 0.031, η² > 0.179), balance (i.e., right and left of static and dynamic balance and fast 10 m walk; all p < 0.049, η² > 0.152), and muscular function (i.e., 90°/sec and 180°/sec peak power per kg bodyweight, 90°/sec average power per kg bodyweight, 180°/sec total work, and 180°/sec endurance ratio; all p < 0.045, η² > 0.158). Conclusions: Combined exercise training improves muscle mass and strength, body composition, balance, and muscle function in sarcopenia elderly.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers Conference
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• 2000.10a
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• pp.623-628
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• 2000

This study were conducted to evaluate the mass balance of phosphorus and nitrogen with cropping in experimental pot where the mass of input concentration, and fertilization were variable. Four treatments include CSWNF, TWCF, SWNF. And these cases were compared to the control case of tap water irrigation with conventional fertilization (CONTROL). Fertilization were following conventional fertilization , N : P : K = 11kg : 7kg : 8kg. Input water loading was CSWNF (N:48.7g ,P:3.6g), TWCF(7.8g, 0.6g), SWHF(38.8g ,2.9g), TWNF(38.8g, 2.9g ) and CONTROL(0g ,0g) The result is nitrogen decrease rate; TWCF(19.2%), SWHF(14.9%), CSWNF(9.2%) and SWCF(5.6%). phosphorous decrease rate ; TWCF (10%), SWHF(3.7%), SWCF(0.9%) and CSWNF(0.3%).

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.95-117
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• 2004

This study was conducted to estimate nitrogen discharge from Korea (southern part of Korean peninsula) as NPS(non-point source) by mass balance approach; input and output analyses of nitrogen using existing data available. The material flow was sectored into three different activities; agricultural (raising crop and animals), human and natural activities in forest and urban areas. Atmospheric deposition, biological nitrogen fixation, inorganic fertilizers and manures applied, animal feed and imported foodstuffs such as crops, meat and fish were the inputs in this study, while ammonia volatilization, denitrification, human and animal waste generation, crop and meat production, and discharge into river to ocean were the outputs. The estimated total nitrogen input was $1,194.5{\times}10^3$ tons N/year and the river discharge was 408 to $422{\times}10^3$ tons N/year, of which 66 to 71% was from NPS. In detail, the estimated NPS discharges were respectively $8,274\;kg\;N/km^2$/year from agricultural area, $730\;kg\;N/km^2$/year from forest and $7,657\;kg\;N/km^2$/year from the other land areas such as urban and industrial area.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.231-238
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of changes in body composition due to combined exercise on balance of the 20' obese women. Based on voluntary participation, 21 obese women in twenties were randomly divided into : Control(no exercise, n=7), Group I (aerobic exercise 50 minutes, n=7), Group 2 (combined exercise 50 minutes, n=7). All groups conducted allocated program five times a week for six weeks. At post and pre-experiment and at the time of each measurement, changes of body composition and balance among the three groups were statistically analyed using SPSS 18.0 ver. Compared to pre-experiment, Group I, II showed decrease of weight and body fat rate, but Group II showed both increase of muscle mass and decrease of body mass index(p<0.05). In balance ability, Group II showed improvement of static and dynamic balance, meanwhile Group I showed only improvement of static balance. Therefore, this research showed that combined exercise had positive effects on balance by increasing muscle mass and changing body composition.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.97-103
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• 2014

Purpose: The aim of this study was to clarify the gender difference during standing balance in accordance with recruitment of abdominal muscles against sudden support surface translation. Methods: Twenty healthy males (n = 10, $26.50{\pm}3.54$ years, $170.60{\pm}6.30cm$, $72.80{\pm}5.69kg$) and females (n = 10, $24.40{\pm}2.63$ years, $163.00{\pm}4.97cm$, $52.10{\pm}4.41kg$) participated in the study. Each subject performed standing balance task on a platform, which moved in the anterior and posterior direction, with a total of 18 trials in three abdominal conditions (resting, hollowing, and bracing). We analyzed angular displacement of thoracic and lumbar spine and linear displacement of center of mass for evaluatione of spinal stability and standing balance, respectively. Results: Angular displacement of thoracic and lumbar spine and linear displacement of center of mass did not differ significantly between female and male in all conditions. Conclusion: Our results indicate that the ability to maintain spinal stability and standing balance were similar between male and female regardless of the abdominal contractile conditions and the direction of support surface translation.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.20 no.7
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• pp.919-927
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• 2011

A ecosystem model was applied for understanding of circulation process of state variables in marine ecosystem. A mass balance was conducted by calculating the physical process. The sensitivity analysis was conducted to know which coefficient is the most effective factor to the state variables in the model. The results of the mass balance indicate that the primary production was 58.6 ton C/day in the case of mass flux. DIN and DIP in nutrient ingestion of phytoplankton were each 7.9 ton N/day, 1.1 ton P/day. POC and DOC in mineralization of organic matter were each 10.8 ton C/day, 40.6 ton C/day. The results of sensitivity analysis showed that the maximum growth rate of phytoplankton was the most important factor for overall state variables. In the case of nutrients, Half saturation constant of DIN, and mineralization rate of DOM for COD were important factor.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.833-843
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• 1998

It is noted that the red tides and the oxygen-deficient water mass are extensively developed in Masan Bay during summer. The nutrients mass balance was calculated in Masan Bay, using the three-dimensional numerical hydrodynamic model and the material cycle model. The material cycle model was calibrated with the data obtained on the field of the study area in June 1993. The nutrients mass balance calculated by the combination of the residual currents and material cycle model results showed nutrients of surface and middle levels to be transported from the inner part to the outer part of Masan Bay, and nutrients of bottom level to be transported from outer part to inner part of Masan Bay. The uptake rate of DIN in the box A1(surface level of inner part) was found to be 337. 5mg/$m^3$ㆍday, the largest value in all 9 boxes and that of DIP was found to be 18.6mg/$m^3$ㆍday in box A1, and the regeneration rate of DIN was found to be 78.2mg/$m^3$ㆍday in the box A3(bottom level of inner part), and that of DIP was found to be 18.6mg/$m^3$ㆍday in box A1. The regenerations of DIN and DIP in the water column of the entire Bay were found to be 7.66ton/day and 760kg/day, respectively. And the releases of DIN and DIP from the sediments of the entire Bay were found to be 2.86ton/day and 634kg/day, respectively. The regeneration rate was 2.5 times as high as the release rate in DIN, and 1.2 times in DIP. The results of mass balance calculation showed not only the nutrients released from the sediments but the nutrients regenerated in water column to be important in the control and management of water quality in Masan Bay.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.607-612
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• 2007

In this study, we investigated the variations of the kinetic coefficients and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), N and P mass used for assimilation of a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) system with the variation of SRTs; SRTs of 7.5, 10.0, 12.5, 15.0 and 20.0 days were tested in one cycle of SBR operation to determine the optimum conditions for the operation of the SBR and estimate its COD, nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiencies. The SBR system was operated under the conditions as follows: an operation time of 6 hours per cycle, a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 12 hours, an influent COD loading of $0.4kg/m^3/day$, and an influent nitrogen loading of $0.068kgT-N/m^3/day$. The yield coefficient (Y) and decay rate coefficient ($k_d$) were estimated to be 0.4198 kgMLVSS/kgCOD and $0.0107day^{-1}$ by calculating the removal rate of substrate according to the variation of SRT. Considering total nitrogen amount removed by sludge waste process, eliminated by denitrification, and in clarified water effluent with reference to 150 mg/cycle of influent nitrogen amount, the percentage of nitrogen mass balance from the ratio of the nitrogen amount in effluent (N output) to that in influent (N input) for Runs 1~5 were 95.5, 97.0, 95.5, 99.5, and 95.5%, respectively, which is well accounted for, with mass balances close to 100%.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.732-739
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• 2010

Two combined autothermal thermophilic aerobic digestion (ATAD) and biofilter (BF) systems were operated to treat the piggery wastewater and the ammonia offgas. Experimental results indicated that the organic removal efficiency of ATAD-2, operated with oxygen, was higher than that of ATAD-1, operated with air. The concentration of ammonia in ATAD-2 offgas was higher compared to ATAD-1 offgas, but the total amount of ammonia produced from ATAD-2 was less than that from ATAD-1 due to the lower oxygen flowrate. The ammonia gas produced from both ATAD reactors was successfully removed by the BF. The BF-1, connected with ATAD-1, removed 93% of ammonia at the loading rate of $9.4g\;NH_3-N/m^3/hr$. The BF-2, connected with ATAD-2, removed 95% of ammonia gas at the loading rate of $8.1g\;NH_3-N/m^3/hr$. As the nitrification process continued, pH value of recirculating solution continuously decreased due to the accumulation of nitrate. When the ammonia loading rate was less than $22.7g\;NH_3-N/m^3/h$, the proper replacing cycle of recirculating solution was in the range of 10 to 11 days. Almost 90% of total mass of nitrogen fed into the each BF was confirmed from the mass balance on nitrogen.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.1-4
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• 2015

The current official perfluorochemicals (PFCs) analysis method is established with hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) solid phase extraction (SPE) clean-up method with LC-tandem mass spectrometry ($MS^n$). Herein the HLB clean-up method from the official method by Korean government was modified with Envi-Carb$^{TM}$ to improve the clean-up efficiency for agricultural water and the unexpected UV disturbance in the water was effectively removed by the adsorbent treatment without a significant disturbance of quantitation. And quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (qTOFMS) was suggested to the available $MS^n$ instruments for the residue analysis of PFCs based on the ng/L of quantitation limits in water as well.