• Journal of Korean Clinical Health Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1553-1558
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• 2022

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the association between stigmatism and amblyopia. Methods: It was a hospital based, cross-sectional retrospective study conducted in Nepal Eye Hospital. Medical record of amblyopic children aged 13 years or younger from were reviewed. Children with amblyopic eyes due to simple astigmatism were included. Relation between depth of amblyopia with magnitude and types of astigmatism, orientation of axis was determined. Out of 139 amblyopic eyes of 82 children, 93 were simple myopic astigmatism and remaining 42 were simple hyperopic astigmatism. Results: Mean age of patients was 7.38±2.61 years. Visual acuity improved by at least one line in Snellen chart in 4/5th of eyes after astigmatic correction. Moderate amblyopia was found to be present in 45% eyes while severe amblyopia in 16% of eyes. With the rule astigmatism was found to be present in 88% eyes. Mean astigmatism was 2.47±0.98D and majority of eyes (67.7%) had high astigmatism. Depth of amblyopia was not associated with magnitude of astigmatism (p > 0.05) but number of lines improved with astigmatic correction was correlated with the magnitude of astigmatism (p < 0.001). Risk of amblyopia is more in high myopic astigmatism. Conclusion: Presenting age of amblyopic children was late in Nepal. Depth of amblyopia was not associated with magnitude of astigmatism.

• The Korean Journal of Vision Science
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.421-429
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• 2018

Purpose : We identified correlation between macular thickness and RNFL (retina nerve fiber layer) measured by OCT and axial length in Korean children divided as three groups according to refractive errors. Methods : In total, 134 eyes of 67 Korean children who experienced no eye disease and ophthalmology surgery were involved in this study and then divided as three groups such as hyperopic, emmetropic and myopic groups. Macular thickness and RNFL thickness were measured with Cirrus HD-OCT, and axial length was done with IOL Master.Macular thickness and RNFL thickness were measured by Cirrus HD-OCT, and axial length using IOL Master. Correlation between axial length and retinal thickness in three groups according to refractive errors was investigated. Results : The type of refractive error measured by axial length was myopic, emmetropic and hyperopic groups in order, showing significant difference (p<0.05). The center thickness of macular was myopic, emmetropic and hyperopic groups in order, showing significant difference(p<0.05). The thicknesses of superior, nasal and inferior regions in peripheral macula were the thinnest in myopic group (p<0.05). It was shown that positive correlation was found between the center thickness of macula and axial length (r=0.283, p<0.05), while negative correlation was found between the peripheral thickness of RNFL and axial length. The temporal thickness of RNFL represented the thickest in myopic group, showing positive correlation with axial length(r=0.39, p<0.05). The superior, nasal and inferior thickness of RNFL represented negative correlation with axial length, showing statistically significant in the nasal thickness of RNFL(r=-0.23, p<0.05). Conclusion : Through this study, we identified correlation between macular thickness, the thickness of RNFL and axial length using OCT in Korean children, and also found the differences in three refractive error groups.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.71-75
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• 2009

Purpose: This study was designed to investigate the condition of refractive correction and heterophoria and monocular pupillary distance on myopic elementary school children wearing glasses in Gwangju city. Methods: Subjective refraction and objective refraction were examined after investigating heterophoria and monocular pupillary distance on 145 (290eye) elementary school children wearing myopia-corrected glasses. Results: 1. Anisometropia > 2.00 D was present in 4 children (3%). 2. 9 anisometropia (47%) were present in 19 undercorrected visual acuity boy wearers. and 16 anisometropia (64%) were present in 25 undercorrected visual acuity girl wearers. 3. Among the 67 myopic glasses boy wearers, the distance between optical centers was coincided with the pupillary distance in 30% (Oculus Uterque), and discrepant in 70% (Oculus Uterque). Among the 78 myopic glasses girl wearers, the distance between optical centers was coincided with the pupillary distance in 23% (Oculus Uterque), and discrepant in 77% (Oculus Uterque). The mean optical center distance was longer than the pupillary distance on both boy and girl wearers 4. The result of measured heterophoria revealed 14% for orthophoria, 63% for exophoria, 23% for esophoria at far distance and 10% for orthophoria, 76% for exophoria, 14% for esophoria at near distance. Conclusions: Correct refractive test and monocular pupillary distance must be examined because incorrect refractive test and pupillary distance induce asthenopia and heterophoria.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.299-303
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• 2012

Purpose: In this study the correlation among the myopic refractive error and ocular components in primary school students was investigated. Methods: The subjects were 62 children who had no eye diseases. The refractive error, corneal radius, anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, axial length were measured and analysed. Results: Myopic refractive error in primary school students was negatively correlated with the axial length (1~3rd grade r=-0.653, p=0.000/4~6th grade r=-0.742, p=0.000), AL/CR ratio (1~3rd grade r=-0.571, p=0.000/4~6th grade r=-0.852, p=0.000). Conclusions: It was shown that the axial length and axial length(AL)/corneal radius(CR) ratio were very important data for myopic refractive error in primary school students.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.249-254
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• 2012

Purpose: To investigate amount of myopic progression with increase of age for children myopes among patients of a Korean optometry clinic. Methods: It has followed up 99 children subjects (male 55, female 44) who had no ocular disease and have visited a Korean optometric clinic for mean $33{\pm}8$ months (13 to 54 months) since June of 2001. Mean age of subjects at first visit was $118{\pm}23$months. Non-cycloplegic refractive error were measured 6 times using Canon RK-3(Japan) every mean 6 months. Results: For all subjects mean of refractive errors increased -0.78 D per year from $-2.02{\pm}1.05D$ at first visit to $-4.18{\pm}1.30D$ at final visit with longitudinal study, but -0.19 D per year with cross-section study, which showed a big difference between two methods. Mean of astigmatic refractive error increased -0.15 D per year. As progression of refractive error according to ages at first visit, refractive errors increased -1.04 D per year for 6 years old, -0.9 D for 7 years old, -0.89 D for 8 years old, -0.89 D for 9 years old, -0.74 D for 10 years old, -0.74 D for 11 years old and -0.72 D for 12 years old. And it showed a tendency that the younger age was the higher progression of myopia. However it was not significantly different between each groups. Conclusions: Follow-up results for myopic children among patients of a Korean optometry clinic showed increase of -0.78 D for myopic refractive error and -0.14 D for astigmatic refractive error per year.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.65-69
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• 2001

To investigate the visual acuity of the primary school children. This study was researched visual acuity test using objective and subjective methods. 1. The eye types were 90.3% positive for myopia, 3.1% for emmetropia, 4.9% hyperopia, 1.7% for mired astigmatism. 2. The abnormal refraction eyes were 58.6% positive for simple myopia, 29.9% for myopic compound astigmatism, 5.1% for my optic simple astigmatism and 1.9% for simple hyperopia, 1.9% for hyperopic compound astigmatism, 1.3% for hyperopic simple astigmatism, 1.3% for mixed astigmatism. 3. The axis of astigmatism were 85.7% for astigmatism with-the-rule, 9.3% for astigmatism against-the-rule, 5.0% for astigmatism oblique. 4. On total myopic spheric power. the -0.50

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.49-53
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• 2001

To investigate the visual acuity of the primary school children. the visual acuity test wan performed the object and subject method. The results were follows. 1. The eye types were 94.8% positive for myopia, 1.2% for emmetropia and 4.0% hyperopia, respectively. 2. The abnormal refraction eyes were 71.3% positive for simple myopia, 17.9% for myopic compound astigmatism, 6.9% for myopic simple astigmatism, and 2.5% for simple hyperopia, 0.6%for hyperopic compound astigmatism, 0.8%for hyperopic simple astigmatism, respectively. 3. The axis of astigmatism were 72.8% for astigmatism with-the-rule, 23.2% for astigmatism against-the-rule, 4.0% for astigmatism oblique, respectively. 4. On the total myopic spheric power, the -0.50

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.105-109
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• 2001

The investigate of preschool children at 7-year-old at three kindergartens in Iksan was done by the naked visual acuity, the refractive state and cover-uncover test. Total 246 eyes were examined by the objective and subjective methods. The results were as follows: 1. Among the 246 eyes, the naked visual acuity of below the average 0.7 was 64 eyes(26%). 2. As to the distribution of refractive errors, myopic eyes and hyperopic eyes were 26.55% and 26.55%, respectively. 3. As to the type of astigmatisms, with the rule was 85.8%, against the rule was 8.9% and oblique was 5.3%. 4. The percentage of preschool children who had been tested was 13.8%. 5. In test none of children were the phoria.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.73-78
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• 2000

The purpose of our study was investigation for the status of eye health in Taejon area. I chose the age of eight to under eighteen 61 institutional care children, and I examed the first visual acuity examination ophthalmoscopy and non-criterion interview. Among 61 institutional care children (primary school student 40.98%, secondary school student 59.01%), 56.74% children were emmetropia, 44.46% were ametropia. Unaided visual acuity 0.7, 0.8 were 37.03% of these children. As refractive errors, 31.14% were myopia. 26.23% were compound myopic astigmatism and only 1.64% institutional care children wearing the glasses. In children, early eye examination is essential for their eye health. Therefore attention to early eye examination and wearing correct glasses seem to be very important especially for institutional care children. I propose that we have to concerned about eye health and concrete plan for institutional care children.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.87-92
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• 1998

Unaided visual acuity was tested by ACP-7 TOPCON chart projector on 376 kindergarteners and objective refraction error was measured by NIDEK ARK-700A auto-refractokeratometer on 554 eyes aged 3 to 5. The results were as follows ; The average unaided visual acuity of children aged 3 was 0.82, aged 4 was 0.90 and aged 5 was 0.92 respectively theerfore children s visual acuity has been gradually developed with their age. The kind of refractive error was 1% for hyperopia, 14% for hyperopic astigmatism, 3% for myopia, 50% for myopic astigmatism, 18% for mixed astigmatism and 14% for emmetropia respectively.