• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.129-133
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• 1999

For the myopia eyes of the people which are ametropia, the classified distribution has showed % for the simple myopic, 50% for the compound myopic astigmatism, 15% for the simple myopic astigmatism and 19% for the mixed astigmatism. The myopic ametropia for the both eyes has the distribution of 35% for -0.50D~-2.00Dptr, 54% for -2.00~6.00Dptr, and 11% for over -6.00Dptr. The classifying distribution for the age for the myopic ametropia was 54% for 15~20, 22% for 21~40, 14% for 41~60 and 10% for 61. The occupational distribution for the myopic ametropia has showed 61.5% for the student(Middle, High, College), 13.5% for the office worker, and 15% for the house wives as well as the small business. The hour affecting the refraction most for a day was after P.M. 7 which recorded 45% as the highest value. The reason is that the myopia degree decreases in the morning as the cornea flats and the situation is reversed in the afternoon so that there is a difference of Sph -0.50D and as getting darker the refraction degree of the light coming through the enlarged pupil refraction around the cornea is high. For the seasons the highest myopic degree has been recorded for 68% in the summer due to the shortage of nutrition and the climination inside the body by the exhaustion of sweat. In the blood types A and B are distributed closely as 34% and more active man with O has recorded higher myopic degree than woman. However woman showed higher accommodation power than man regardless the blood types. In the characteristic factors of myopic eye, the character feels fatigue easily has showed the distribution for 42% which is the highest and it could be classified largely by two the.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.146-158
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• 1996

We observed 79 patients, who visited the Department of Oph. & Otorhinolaryngology in Oriental medicine of Kyung Hee University Medical Center from July 1995 to June. 1996, with the complaint of decreased visual acuity. The results were as follows. 1. In the incidence of decreased visual acuity, men's was $46.84\%$(37 cases) and women's was $53.16\%$(42 cases), which showed that more women were suffering decreased visual acuity than men. In the incidence of myopic ametropia and astigmatic ametropia among the total patients, men's was $44.62\%$(29 cases) and $37.50\%$(9 cases) each, and women's was $55.38\%$(36 cases) and $62.50\%$( 15 cases) each, which also showed that more women were suffering myopia and astigmatism than men. 2. The average age of patients was 11.08 years at the first visit. The most were the patients from 6 to 15 years old, with 63 cases($79.74\%$). 3. The age of onset in the decreased visual acuity was mainly 6∼10 years with 45 cases($56.96\%$). In the case of myopic ametropia and astigmatic ametropia, the age of onset was also mainly 6∼10 years with 65 cases($60.00\%$), and with 12 cases($50.00\%$) each. 4. In ABO blood type, the frequency was, A type, O type, B type and AB type in order. In men, O type was the most, while in women, A type. 5. In the liking for cool or warm food or tepidity, the liking for cool food was the most in both men and women. 6. The type of decreased visual acuity was mainly myopic ametropia with 65 cases($82.28\%$). Astigmatic ametropia was $30.38\%$ with 24 cases, hyperopic ametropia $2.53\%$ with 4 cases, and the decreased visual acuity accompanied by amblyopia $7.59\%$ with 4 cases. 7. At the first visit, the average visual acuity of O.D. was 0.29 and that of O.S.. 0.24, which showed that O.S.. is worse than O.D.. The visual acuity below 0.2 was the most, $63.29\%\;in\;O.D..\;72.15\%$ in O.S.. 8. In the treatment period, 4∼7 weeks occupied $35.44\%$ with 28 cases, 8∼11 weeks $30.38\%$ with 24 cases, so the treatment period was mainly these two periods with 52 cases($65.82\%$). 9. The average frequency of acupuncture treatment per week was mainly 2.1∼3.0 times with 45 cases($56.96\%$). In this case, men was 24 cases($53.33\%$) and women 21 cases($46.67\%$), so men was more than women. 10. The frequency of herbal prescription was mainly Gamijungjitang and Gamijingjibogansan with 76 cases($85.39\%$).

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.119-126
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• 2016

Purpose: To analyze the effect of accommodative control and change values between subjective refraction (SR) and auto-refraction (AR) according to application of fogging after accommodative stimulation depending on ametropia type. Methods: Myopic ametropia 76 eyes and hyperopic ametropia 52 eyes participated for this study. SR and AR values measured by three test conditions (Before accommodative stimulation; Before AS, After accommodative stimulation; After AS, and After application of fogging; After AF) were compared, respectively. Results: In myopic eyes, (-)spherical power by SR and AR in After AS test was significantly increased as compared to Before AS test, (-)spherical power in After AF test was decreased to the level of Before AS test. The differences of spherical power between SR and AR were highly measured by SR in After AS test, and highly measured by AR in After AF test, respectively. In hyperopic eyes, (+)spherical power of SR significantly decreased in After AS test compared to Before AS test, more (+)spherical power was detected in After AF test compared to Before AS test. (+)spherical power of AR have no significant difference between Before AS and After AS test, but more (+)spherical power was detected in After AF test compared to Before AS test. The differences of (+)spherical power between SR and AR were significant in all test conditions. Among 52 eyes which were measured as hyperopic ametropia, 7 eyes were measured as myopia by SR in After AS test. In case of AR, 25 eyes among 52 eyes were mismeasured as myopia of ranges from -0.25 D to -1.25 D in Before AS test, 26 eyes in After AS test, and 19 eyes in After AF test were mismeasured as myopia of ranges from -0.25 D to -1.25 D. Conclusions: Regardless of ametropia type, accommodative control by After AF test was effective on both refraction process. However, in auto-refraction for hyperopic eyes, the misdetermined proportion of refractive error's type was high due to consistent accommodative intervention in all test condition. Therefore, in order to obtain an accurate value of refractive errors, full correction should be determined by subjective refraction process after fogging method.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.345-350
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• 2006

The study of the visual acuity and refraction status was performed to the students of primary school using eyeglasses in Kyung Nam region, Korea. Two hundred sixty three subjects with various styles of ametropia were analyzed the visual acuity and refraction examination by the subjective and objective tools. The results of study were as follows; 1) According to the increase of age of subjects, the visual acuity of binocular in naked eyes was decrease. However ametropia was increase. 2) The high frequency of ametropia types in the binocular was simple myopia, and the next order of high frequency was mixed astigmatism, myopic compound astigmatism, simple hyperopia, and hyperopic compound, respectively. 3) On the power of spherical refractive error of ametropia, the high frequency was -1.00 diopter, and the next order of high frequency was -2.00 diopter, +2.00 diopter, -3.00 diopter, and so on, respectively. 4) According to the increase of subjects ages, the changes of dioptric power of myopic spheric power was increase. however the frequency of the boy and girl was similar results, also the dioptric values of refractive status in binocular was similar results. As the results of this study, we conclude that the relationship of the visual acuity and refractive error status in primary students using eyeglasses was improved.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.239-246
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• 2014

Purpose: This study was performed to investigate the effect of induced ametropia on static posture for body balance. Methods: Twenty subjects (10 males, 10 females) of average age $23.4{pm}2.70$ years were participated and ametropia(binocular myopia; BM, simple myopic anisometropia; SMA, binocular hyperopia; BH, and simple hyperopic anisometropia; SHA) were induced with ${pm}0.50D$, ${\pm}1.00D$, ${\pm}1.50D$, ${\pm}2.00D$, ${\pm}3.00D$, ${\pm}4.00D$, ${\pm}5.00D$, respectively. General stability (ST), weight distribution index (WDI), and fall risk index (FI) were measured using TETRAX the biofeedback systems. Each index of the body balance was evaluated for 32 seconds in each ametropic condition and those value was compared with the value in fully corrected condition. Results: The ST showed significant increase from +0.50 D under condition of BM, from +1.00 D under condition of SMA, from -1.00 D under condition of BH, and from -1.50 D under condition of SHA compared with under condition of fully corrected condition, respectively. The FI showed significant increases from +4.00 D under condition of BM, from -1.00 D under condition of BH, and from -1.50 D under condition of SHA. The WDI show no change in all ametropia condition. Conclusions: Whatever ametropia is, uncorrected refractive error could reduce the general stability of body balance and increase the falling risk.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.247-251
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• 2013

Purpose: To analyse the addition power of new wearer of progressive addition lenses. Methods: Data of 636 subjects who have been prescribed progressive addition lenses as the first time were used for analyse. The range of age for was between 41~78 years old and they visited the optical practice in Gwangju metropolitan city from 2001 to 2013Date of refractive state, gender and age were analysed. Results: The difference of addition by gender was 1.71 D in male and 1.67 D in women. The difference of addition by refractive error was 1.67 D in emmetropic patients and 1.74 D in myopic patients, 1.90 D in hyperopic patients. The difference of addition by age was1.26 D in 41~44 years old sge group, 1.48 D in 45~49 years old age group,1.72 D in 50~54 years old age group 1.84 D in 55~59 years old age group, 2.10 D in 60~64 years old age group and 2.43 D in over 65 years old age group. The difference of addition by diopter in myopic patients was 1.58 D in low myopic patients and 1.48 D in middle myopic patients, 1.67 D in high myopic patients. The difference of addition by axis of astigmatism was 1.80 D in with-the-rule astigmatism, 1.64 D in against-the-rule astigmatism and 1.65 D in oblique astigmatism. Conclusions: The Addition power of progressive lenses were different according to the types of refractive error, astigmatism axis and age.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.77-81
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• 2008

Purpose: This study was to investigate the refractive state of an asian population (male: 39, female: 53) from 21 to 30 years old who visited the A optical shop at jongnogu in seoul. Methods: The visual acuity test was performed by the object and subject method. Results: Among the 184 eyes, myopia is 83.16% and emmetropia is 16.84%, respectively. As for the equivalent spheric power of myopic abnormal refractive eyes, the -m0.5Dt < spheric equivalent ${\leq}$ -2.00Dt was 40.53%, the -2.00Dt < spheric equivalent ${\leq}$ -6.00Dt was 51.63% and anything over the -6.00Dt was 7.85%. The percentages of with-the-rule, against-the-rule and oblique astigmatism among people with astigmatism were 46.67%, 35.56% and 7.77%, respectively. The average of pupillary distance in male (64.5${\pm}$2.9 mm) was greater than that in female (61.9${\pm}$2.3 mm). Conclusions: Korean opticians were provided some useful information about making up a prescription by this research.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.231-237
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• 2014

Purpose: This study is research of the conditions which causes difference between the refractive power of the measurement of autorefractometer and the prescription using phoropter. Methods: Autorefractometer (SR-7000) and phoroptor (AV-9000) were used to measure 60 eyes of 30 participants who had no eye diseases and wore the corrective lens due to Ametropia. To prevent the dependence of the prescription value of the refractive power on the testers, two testers measured the refractive power of the eyes of the participants at the same measuring conditions. Results: Statistically, the prescribed values of the refractive power by two testers were not significantly different. Most of the prescribed values of the refractive power were smaller than the refractive power by autorefractometer In case of myopic eyes, the difference between refractive powers by the measurement of autorefractometer and the prescription using phoropter showed the trend of increase as the spherical refractive power became larger. The result was analyzed by the range of the different cylindrical refractive power for the myopic astigmatic eyes. In this case, the difference between refractive powers showed the trend of decrease as the cylindrical refractive power became larger. Conclusions: No difference between the prescribed value by two testers was observed. In case of myopic or myopic astigmatic eyes, the difference between refractive powers by autorefractometer and the prescription were measured to be approximately proportional to the refractive powers of ametropic eyes. As the this difference become larger for the participant who needs the lens of larger refractive power, additional caution is needed in the prescription of the refractive power of the corrective lens.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.67-71
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• 2002

To investigate the ametropia and refractive error of 364 ametropic eyes en the 182 high school students in Jeonbuk provicne, the visual acuity test was performed by the object and subject method. The results were as follows. 1. The eye types were 85.7% positive for myopia, 6.6% for emmetropia and 7.6% hyperopia, respectively. 2. The abnormal refraction eyes were 30.8% positive for simple myopia, 58.5% for myopia compound astigmatism, 7.5% for myopia simple astigmatism, and 1.8% for simple hyperopia, 1.3% for hyperopia compound astigmatism, 1.9% for hyperopia simple astigmatism, respectively. 3. The axes of astigmatism were 78.7% for astigmatism with-the-rule, 13.9% for astigmatism against-the-rule, 7.4% for astigmatism oblique, respectively. 4. As for the astigmatic power, the 0.50 < cylinder < 1.00dptr was 60.0%, the 1.00 < cylinder < 2.00dptr was 29.2%, and anything over the 2.00cylinder dptr was 10.8%. 5. As for the equivalent spheric power of myopic abnormal refraction eyes, the -0.50 < spheric equivalent < -2.00 diopter was 64.6%, the -2.00 < spheric equivalent < -6.00 dptr was 29.1% and anything over the -6.00 dptr was 6%. 6. The equivalent spheric power of hyperopic abnormal refraction eyes was 50% anything under 2.00diopter and 50% for anything over the 2.00diopter.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.97-101
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• 2009

Purpose: To assess the refractive state of the westerners (male: 44, female: 62) in twenties who visited the A optical shop at Seoul. Methods: The visual acuity test was performed by the objective and subjective method. Results: The emmetropia and myoptia were 35 and 177 eyes (83.49%), respectively. About 26.76% of tested males was ametropia. Myopia compound and myopia simple astigmatism were found in 60.56% and 12.68% of tested males, respectively. However, about 43.40% of tested females was ametropia. Myopia compound and myopia simple astigmatism were 49.06% and 7.55% were found in tested females, respectively. As for the equivalent spheric power of myopic abnormal refractive eyes, the -0.5D < spheric equivalent ${\leq}$ -2.00D was 35.02% of tested westerners, the -2.00D < spheric equivalent ${\leq}$ -6.00D was 60.45% and anything over the -6.00D was 4.53%. The percentages of with-the-rule, against-the-rule and oblique astigmatism among people with astigmatism were 59.82%, 26.78% and 13.40%, respectively. The average of pupillary distance in male (63.5${\pm}$2.4 mm) was greater than that in female (59.7${\pm}$2.3 mm). Conclusions: Korean opticians were provided some useful information about making up a prescription for the westerners in twenties by this research.