• Mycobiology
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.79-84
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• 2011

Nuclear distribution within the extra-radical fungal structures and during spore production in the arbuscular mycorrhizae fungus Glomus intraradices was examined using an in vitro monoxenic culture system. A di-compartmental monoxenic culture system was modified using a nitrocellulose membrane and a coverglass slip for detailed observations. Nuclear distribution was observed using the fluorescent DNA binding probes SYBR Green I and DAPI. Both septate and non-septate mycelial regions were observed, but cytoplasmic contents were only found within non-septate mycelia. Nuclear fluorescent staining revealed that the non-septate hyphal region contained nuclei only with cytoplasm, and that nuclear distribution was limited by septa. Swollen hyphal bodies were often associated with septate and empty-looking hyphae. Cytoplasmic contents filled the swollen hyphal body from the non-septate hyphal region following removal of the septa. As a consequence, the swollen body developed into a new spore. These observations provide understanding about the distribution of AM fungal nuclei within extra-radical mycelia and during spore formation. The results suggest a mechanism by which the development of a cytoplasm-containing mycelium is controlled by the formation or removal of septa to efficiently maintain and proliferate essential contents. This mechanism may provide a survival strategy to the fungus.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.719-730
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• 2014

The hot water extract from Artemisia capillaris fermented with Hericium erinaceum mycelium (AC-HE) were assessed for the protection against oxidative modification of biological macromolecules and cell death. Antioxidant activity of AC-HE evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical and peroxyl radical scavenging assays. AC-HE showed 61.73% DPPH radical scavenging activity at $500{\mu}g/mL$, 97.39% ABTS radical scavenging activity at $250{\mu}g/mL$, and 44.18% peroxyl radical scavenging activity at $100{\mu}g/mL$. AC-HE were shown to significantly inhibited DNA strand breakage induced by peroxyl radical. AC-HE also prevented peroxyl radical-mediated human serum albumin modification. AC-HE effectively inhibited $H_2O_2$ induced cell death and significantly increased of the 11.47% cell survival at $100{\mu}g/mL$. AC-HE also decreased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in $H_2O_2$-treated cells. The results suggested that AC-HE can contribute to antioxidant and protected cells from oxidative stress-induced cell injury.

• Journal of Industrial Technology
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• v.25 no.B
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• pp.241-251
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• 2005

Exopolysaccharide (CBP) from submerged culture broth of Ganoderma lucidum mycelium and the water soluble (BWS) and water insoluble (BWI) fractions of CBP were prepared by gel filtration. Antitumor activity and effects on proliferation and differenciation of human cancer cells and mouse NIH 3T3 cells were studied. Cytotoxicity test of CBP, BWS and BWI fractions on human cancer cell lines was performed by using sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. A549 (lung carcinoma), Colo320 DM and HSR (colon carcinoma), and NIH 3T3 cells were used. BWI fraction showed the strongest cytotoxicity (maximum 20% survival) to all human cells tested. However it did not induced apoptosis. Interestingly BWI fraction did not exert cytotoxic effect on NIH 3T3 cells at low concentration of cells ($5{\times}10^4$) but strong toxic effect at high concentration of cells($5{\times}10^5$) which showed transformed morphology. These results suggest that BWI may have cancer cell specific anticancer activity. However, BWI fraction did not effect the amount of pRb and c-myc protein, which implied that BWI fraction did not act at the early stage of signal transduction pathway. CBP fraction induced differenciation of human leukemic cell line, HL-60 cells suggesting the carcinogenesis prevention of normal cell and possible induction of normalization for cancer cell.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.33-37
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• 2004

To develop neohaplonts for Ganoderma breeding, protoplasts were isolated from dikaryotic mycelium and regenerated. Selection rate of neohaplonts varied between ASI7074, ASI7091, ASI7094, ASI7100 and ASI7115, showing 5.24% on the average. Auxotropic mutants from Ganoderma monokarions were recovered by UV irradiation on protoplasts. Protoplast survival rates were 1.9% ASI 7074, 0.17% ASI 7091, and zero percent ASI 7100 using 300 second irradiation. Four auxotrophic strains were recovered from 1,536 colonies screened that will be further utilized for protoplast fusion and transformation.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.1025-1035
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• 2017

In this study, the hot water extract from Mulberry (Morus alba) Leaves fermented with Hericium erinaceum mycelium (MA-HE) was assessed for antioxidant activity. Radical scavenging activity of MA-HE evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) radical and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)(ABTS) radical. MA-HE showed 63% DPPH radical scavenging activity at $500{\mu}g/mL$ and 98.27% ABTS radical scavenging activity at $250{\mu}g/mL$. MA-HE was shown to significantly inhibited DNA strand breakage induced by free radical. MA-HE also inhibited free radical-mediated human serum albumin modification. MA-HE effectively inhibited $H_2O_2$ induced cell death and significantly increased of the 8% cell survival at $100{\mu}g/mL$. MA-HE decreased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in $H_2O_2$-treated cells. The results suggested that MA-HE can contribute to antioxidant and protected cells from oxidative stress-induced cell injury.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.70 no.1
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• pp.72-76
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• 1985

Populus alba ${\times}$ P. glandulosa cuttings in nursery bed were inoculated with mycelium of ectomycorrhizal fungus, Pisolithus tinctorius (Pt) to evaluate effectiveness of the fungus in growth stimulation of poplar. Pt was cultured in 1l glass bottles with vermiculite-peatmoss mixture moistened with modified Melin-Norkrans' solution. The nursery bed was arranged for microplots of $1{\times}2m$ in size and fumigated with methyl bromide before inoculation and cutting placement. Fifty cuttings were placed in each microplot and two treatments (fumigation only and fumigation plus Pt inoculation) were replicated three times. At the end of the first growing season, inoculated plants grew 19% faster in height and produced 49% more dry weight (above-ground portion) than uninoculated plants. Survival rate of inoculated cuttings was also improved by 20% over that of uninoculated cuttings. Inoculated cuttings developed abundant fine root system with golden brown zigzag tips. In the middle of September a sporocarp of Pt was produced from an inoculated plot, suggesting successful establishment of mycorrhiza between poplar and Pt fungus.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.35-43
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• 2015

In this study, hot water extract from sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) leaves fermented with Hericium erinaceum mycelium (SBT-HE) was assessed for protection against oxidative modification of biological macromolecules and cell death. Antioxidant activity of SBT-HE was evaluated based on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical, and peroxyl radical scavenging assays. SBT-HE showed 65.06% DPPH radical scavenging activity at $500{\mu}g/mL$, 98.83% ABTS radical scavenging activity at $50{\mu}g/mL$, and 44.03% peroxyl radical scavenging activity at $100{\mu}g/mL$. SBT-HE significantly inhibited DNA strand breakage induced by peroxyl radical. SBT-HE also prevented peroxyl radical-mediated human serum albumin modification. SBT-HE effectively inhibited $H_2O_2$-induced cell death and significantly increased cell survival by 21.59% at $100{\mu}g/mL$. SBT-HE also reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species levels in $H_2O_2$-treated cells. The results suggest that SBT-HE can contribute to antioxidant activity and protect cells from oxidative stress-induced cell injury.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.15-22
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• 1988

Factors affecting the regeneration, reversion of protoplasts from mycelium of F. velutipes were investigated and the selection of auxotrophic mutants from protoplasts of F. velutipes was performed. PDP medium stabilized with 0.6M sucrose was suitable for the regeneration of protoplasts, and regeneration frequency was 0.47-1.32. The regeneration frequency of protoplasts was increased when nutrients were added to the regeneration medium. Especially, yeast extract was the most effective to regeneration of protoplasts. Regeneration pattern of protoplasts was formation of germ tubes from bud-like cells. 13-18% of monokaryotic strains was appeared from reverted protoplasts. Five of auxotrophic mutants were isolated from strains showed survival frequency of 1.9-16.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.235-240
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• 2002

Streptomycetes is a group of Gram-positive soil bacteria that growas a branching vegetative mycelium leading to the formation of spores, and display a physiological differenti-ation related to the synthesis of many secondary metabolites including antibiotics. Their complex life cycle and multicellular differentiation require various levels of regulation and types of signal transduction systems including eukaryotic-type serine/threonine protein kinases and prokaryotic-type histidine/aspartic acid protein kinases. Akt kinase that was found in cells is a sorine/threonine kinase controlling signal pathway for multi-tude of important cellular events. The activation or inactivation of Akt kinase in the cell is one of the critical regulatory points to deliver cell proliferation, differentiation, survival or apoptosis signal. To find the regula-tory protein homologous to Akt in Streptomyces, the fluorescien-labeled synthetic peptide (FITC-TRRSR-TESIT) was designed from the consensus sequence of target proteins for Akt kinase. From the difference of the mobility between the nonphosphorylated and phosphorylated synthetic peptides on Agarose gel electro-phoresis, the Akt-phosphorylating activity was monitored. The cell-free extract prepared from Streptomyces griseus IFO 13350 and the Akt homologous protein was purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation and many steps of column chromatographies such as, DEAE-Sepharose, Mono Q, Resource Phenyl-Soporose and Gel permeation column chromatographies. As a result, the protein phosphorylating the fluorescien-labeled Akt substrate was identified and it's molecular weight was estimated as 39 kDa on SDS-PAGE.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.389-398
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• 2018

This study was to investigate the antioxidant and anti-amyloid activities of the extract (KP-HE) from Kalopanax pictus (KP) fermented with Hericium erinaceum (HE) mycelium. Antioxidant activity was evaluated based on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical(ABTS) scavenging assays. In all assays, the extracts from KP, HE and KP-HE had the potential for antioxidant activities. However, antioxidant activity of KP-HE significantly scavenged DPPH radical as compared to the KP and HE. The result suggested that the antioxidant component was increased in the process of KP fermented with HE. KP-HE was shown to significantly inhibite peroxyl radical-mediated DNA strand breakage whereas KP and HE did not inhibit DNA strand breakage. The aggregation of the amyloid-${\beta}$ ($A{\beta}$) peptide is involved in the pathological process of Alzheimer's disease(AD). In this study, the effects of KP, HE and KP-HE on the aggregation of $A{\beta}_{1-42}$ were investigated. KP and HE had little effect on $A{\beta}$ aggregation and KP-HE effectively inhibited $A{\beta}$ aggregation. KP-HE effectively inhibited $A{\beta}$ induced cell death and significantly increased of the 20.3% cell survival at $300{\mu}g/mL$ concentration. KP-HE also decreased intracellular reactive oxygen specie levels in $A{\beta}$-treated cells. The results suggested that KP-HE had antioxidant and anti-amyloid activities. Therefore, KP-HE could potentially be used as a valuable functional food ingredient to prevent neurodegenerative disorders such as AD.