• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.27 no.6 s.93
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• pp.424-429
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• 1999

This study was conducted to investigate the characteristics of polysaccharides isolated from the fruit body and cultured mycelia of Phellinus linteus IY001. All fractions were extracted by hot water, followed by ethanol precipitation (F-THE and M-HE) or ultrafiltration (M-HU) (F-TH, F-THE; fruit body, M-HE, M-HU; cultured mycelia). Among these fractions, F-TH fraction was obtained at the highest yields of 6.83% and yield of F-THE was at the level 2.79%. The carbohydrates of these fractions was found to be a heteroglucan composed of glucose, galactose, mannose, fructose, ribose and xylose by analysis of gas chromatography. The total carbohydrate contents of M-HE and M-HU fractions were 99.2%, and 86.0% respectively. The glucose content of M-HE, M-HU and F-THE ranged from 54 to 84.8% of the total monosaccharide. Amino acid pattern showed that all fractions contained a large amount of aspartic acid, glycine, glutamic acid, alanine. Serine and threonine were found to be involved in the linkage, O-linked type. These fractions, except F. TH, contained polysaccharides with the molecular weights of 12 kD and showed the characteristics of IR absorption for ${\beta}-glucosides$ at $890\;cm^{-1}$.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.230-234
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• 2019

This study was conducted to prepare healthy vinegars using the mycelia of various mushrooms (Cordyceps militaris, Phellinus baumi, Pleurotus cornucopiae, and Ganoderma lucidum). Analyses of the bioactive components of these vinegars revealed that those prepared using mushroom mycelial cultures on fermented brown rice had increased bioactive component levels compared to those cultured on unfermented brown rice. The highest beta-glucan contents (78.7 mg/g) were found in P. baumi cultures and 0.34mg/g of cordycepin was detected in C. militaris cultures. Regarding the chemical properties of these mushroom mycelia vinegars (MMVs), those prepared using C. militaris and P. cornucopiae cultures showed higher acidity and reduced sugar content. Sensory assessments of C. militaris and P. cornucopiae MMVs yielded scores of 7.3 and 6.6, respectively. Analyses of bioactive components revealed that C. militaris MMV contained high levels of polyphenols and 786 mg/L of cordycepin. P. cornucopiae MMV contained the highest amount of beta-glucan (20.9 mg/g).

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.324-336
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• 1992

On the five interspecific protoplast fusants of Ganoderma lucidum and G. applanatum was the antitumor test performed. The fusant F-2 was selected, to examine the cultured mycelia (protein bound polysaccharide) as antitumor components. When a dose of 20 mg/kg/day of each components purifed from F-2 fusant was, i.p., injected into ICR mice, the inhibition ratio of Fr. II against the solid form of sarcoma 180 increased to 1.5 times as compared with that of their parents. When Fr. II was examined for immunopotentiation activity, it increased the amount of the superoxide anion in activated macrophages to 1.2 times and the count of hemolytic plaque forming cells in the spleen to 4.3 times as compared with that of each control group. Its chemical analysis showed 85.2% polysaccharide which consisted of glucose, galactose, mannose, fucose and xylose, and 0.39% protein of 15 amino acids. The content of hexosamine was 0.39% and the molecular weight of Fr. V was $5.6{\times}10^4$ dalton.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.349-353
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• 2023

A 2-year-old outdoor, spayed, female Korean Jindo dog was referred for thoracic and abdominal masses. Diagnostic imaging revealed generalized lymphadenopathy and a significant amount of pleural effusion. The cytological evaluation of the pleural effusion and fine-needle aspiration of the mediastinal lymph nodes confirmed the presence of fungal hyphae. The histopathological examination of the mediastinal lymph nodes stained with Grocott's methenamine silver revealed fungal mycelia, and Aspergillus terreus was identified based on fungal DNA sequencing. Thus, the dog was diagnosed with disseminated canine aspergillosis caused by A. terreus. This case report describes a rare case of disseminated canine aspergillosis caused by A. terreus in a Korean Jindo dog.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.689-695
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• 2004

This study was investigate the occurrence of bottom rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani at the crisphead lettuce fields in Uiryeong-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do from November to December in 2003. Incidence of bottom rot on crisphead lettuce was up to 5.3% at the six plastic houses. A total of 30 isolates of R. solani were obtained from diseased leaves of plants and were tested by artificial inoculation to the host. Among them, PY-1 isolate was selected showing highly virulent on the whole plant and was identified as R. solani AG1 (IB) based on the anastomosis test, morphological and cultural characteristics. Symptoms of bottom rot by PY-1 isolate produced small dark brown, depressed and elliptical spots on the lower part of leaves in the early stage as same as at the fields, were enlarged onto the upper part of leaves later, and the infected plant wilted and ultimately died in the end. For the pathogenicity test, triturated mycelia-inoculum (A$_{550}$=1.0) of PY-1 isolate was selected the most effective inoculum showing disease incidence of 51.1% for the mycelial inoculation at pot assay. Otherwise, WSRP media-inoculum (wheat brane ： sawdust ： rice brane ： PDB media=30 g ： 10 g ： 10 g ： 100 ml, w/w/w/v) of PY-1 isolate was effectual inoculum showing disease incidence of 61.6% for soil inoculation at the plastic house. Also, in selection of density and amount of inoculum, most suitable density of triturated mycelia-inoculum and amount of WSRP media- inoculum were determined as $A_{550}$=1.0 and 40 ml, respectively. This is the first report on the pathogenicity test using by WSRP media-inoculum of R. solani PY-1 isolate for the bottom rot of crisphead lettuce.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.220-229
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• 2009

Strain improvement and morphology investigation in bioreactor cultures were undertaken in suspended cultures of Phellinus linteus mycelia for mass production of protein-bound polysaccharides(soluble ${\beta}$-D-glucan), a powerful immuno-stimulating agent. Phellineus sp. screened for this research was identified as Phellinus linteues through ITS rDNA sequencing method and blast search, demonstrating 99.7% similarity to other Phellinus linteus strains. Intensive strain improvement program was carried out by obtaining large amounts of protoplasts for the isolation of single cell colonies. Rapid and large screening of high-yielding producers was possible because large numbers of protoplasts ($1{\times}10^5{\sim}10^6\;protoplasts/ml$) formed using the banding filtration method with the cell wall-disrupting enzymes could be regenerated in relatively high regeneration frequency($10^{-2}{\sim}10^{-3}$) in the newly developed regeneration medium. It was demonstrated that the strains showing high performances in the protoplast regeneration and solid growth medium were able to produce 5.8~6.4%(w/w) of ${\beta}$-D-glucan and 13~15 g/L of biomass in stable manners in suspended shake-flask cultures of P. linteus mycelia. In addition, cell mass increase was observed to be the most important in order to enhance ${\beta}$-D-glucan productivity during the course of strain improvement program, since the amount of ${\beta}$-D-glucan extracted from the cell wall of P. linteus mycelia was almost constant on the unit biomass basis. Therefore we fully investigated the fungal cell morphology, generally known as one of the key factors affecting cell growth extent in the bioreactor cultures of mycelial fungal cells. It was found that, in order to obtain as high cell mass as possible in the final production bioreactor cultures, the producing cells should be proliferated in condensed filamentous forms in the growth cultures, and optimum amounts of these filamentous cells should be transferred as active inoculums to the production bioreactor. In this case, ideal morphologies consisting of compacted pellets less than 0.5mm in diameter were successfully induced in the production cultures, resulting in shorter period of lag phase, 1.5 fold higher specific cell growth rate and 3.3 fold increase in the final biomass production as compared to the parallel bioreactor cultures of different morphological forms. It was concluded that not only the high-yielding but also the good morphological characteristics led to the significantly higher biomass production and ${\beta}$-D-glucan productivity in the final production cultures.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.297-301
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• 1985

The dependence of activities of Aspergillus phoenicis on the culture conditions in the progesterone transformation reaction was investigated. In the beginning of the reaction, $6{\beta},\;11{\alpha}-dihydroxyprogesterone$ was not produced even at high concentration of $11{\alpha}-hydroxyprogesterone$. However, large amount of the product was obtained after the complete exhaustion of progesterone. When spores of A.phoenicis replaced mycelia as enzyme source, $11{\alpha}-hydroxyprogesterone$ was produced after a considerably long indyction period, and its maximum production rate followed the exponential growth phase. The $6{\beta}-hydroxylation\;of\;11{\alpha}-hydroxyprogesterone$ continued, even after the stationary growth phase. A. phoenicis showed high enzyme activity for these reactions when the phosphate buffer solutions were used in place of the ordinary culture medium. The buffer solutions of low pH gave more yield of $11{\alpha}-hydroxyprogesterone$ than those of high pH. However, the addition of flucose to the buffer solutions did not activate the transformation reaction. The presence of progesterone seems to be necessary for the induction of enzymes for the $6{\beta}-hydroxylation\;of\;11{\alpha}-hydroxyprogesterone\;since\;6{\beta},\;11{\alpha}-dihydroxyprogesterone$ is not produced in the reaction medium containing only $11{\alpha}-hydroxyprogesterone$ as a substrate.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.162-174
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• 1988

To separate and quantitate antitumor protein-bound polysaccharides of Coriolus versicolor, the constituents were obtained from the submerged culture of the mycelia(C) and from the extract of the carpophores of the wild fungus(N). The polysaccharides were degraded by methanolysis. The neutral monosaccharides were separated and quantitated by HPLC using microbondapak carbohydrate analysis column, refractive index detection and water-acetonitrile acetic acid elution. The analyses of these constituents by HPLC showed that the natural constituent(N) consisted of glucose, xylose and mannose, the average amount being 96.44, 2.16 and 1.73%, respectively. The fermentation constituent(C) consisted of mannose, glucose, xylose and galactose, the average amount being 61.30, 14.00, 12.95, and 11.75%, respectively. The analyses of these constituents by an amino acid analyzer showed that both C and N contained 17 amino acids.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.138-139
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• 2003

To investigated the effect of liquid culture conditions and nutrient sources on the formation with bioactive substance of Paeilomyces japonica and Cordyceps militaris cultivated in the country, the result are as follow; The growth temperature of two mycelia is 25$^{\circ}C$ and the proper temperature for cordycepin growth is around 20$^{\circ}C$. The formation amount of bioactive substance by nutrient sources reached its peak with using 2% glucose and 1% galactose in case of carbon sources and 0.4% inorganic compound in case of nitrogen sources. Also, the ratio of C/N was optimal with 3% glucose 1% peptone. For a natural medium, most grains were sufficient but the soybean oil was superb. The formation amount of protein-binding polysaccharide that are used for anticancer substance was in proportion to the growth rate of mycelium, had lots of aeration and showed a trend of increasing when the acidity lower. and the content of structural protein showed a trend of increasing when the acidity lower. However, the content of the structural hexosamin did not get a great the effect of culture conditions and nutrient sources. The constitution of monosaccharide that organizes a protein-binding polysaccharide greatly changed in proportion to carbon sources. When Paecilomyces japonica cultured in a silkworm larvae for 30 days, the content of cordycepin was 204.5 mg/100mL as a dry weight in the fruiting body, 41.8 mg/100mL in mycelium and larva, and the content for each bottle was average 29.5 mg/100mL. In case of Cordyceps militaris for 45days, the fruiting body was 563.5 mg/100mL, the larva and the mycelium was 86.1 mg/100mL, and the content for each bottle was average 65.0 mg/100mL.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.240-251
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• 1992

To find antitumor components from higher fungi, the cultured mycelia of Paxillus atrotomentosus were extracted with hot water. The water soluble fraction was purified and separated by DEAE-cellulose ion exchange chromatography and Sepharose CL-4B gel filtration method. The separated fractions(Fr.) were designated CR A, B, C and D. Fr. A showed the highest inhibition ratio of 68.51% among the five tractions at a dose of 20 mg/kg/day. When Fr. A was examined for immunopotentiation activity, it increased the amount of the superoxide anion from activated macrophages to 1.1 fold and the number of plaques in hemolytic plaque assay to 2.3 fold, respectively. Otherwise, it did not show direct cytotoxity in sarcoma 180. Delayed type hypersensitiyity reaction showed that the decreased footpad swelling of tumor-hearing was restored to the normal. These results indicate that antitumor activity was exerted through immunopotentiation. Its chemical analysis showed 86.36% polysaccharide, 1.52% protein and 1.64% hexosamine. The polysaccharide consisted of fucose, galactose, glucose, mannose and xylose. This component was named paxillan.