• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.34
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• pp.77-108
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• 2007

The traditional name given to the insurance of third party liabilities and certain contractual liabilities which arise in connection with the operation of ships is protection and indemnity(P & I) insurance. P & I insurance is very different from traditional hull and machinery insurance in that shipowners' hull and machinery insurance is designed primarily to protect the assured against losses to his vessel, whereas P & I insurance seeks to indemnify an shipowner in respect of the discharge of legal liabilities he has incurred in operating his own vessels. This study is to examine the background of establishment of British P & I clubs md, therefore, the identity of P & I insurance. The present British P & I clubs are the remote descendants of the many small and local hull mutual insurance clubs that were formed by British shipowners in the end of 18th century. At that time, British shipowners were dissatified with the state of marine insurance market and, therefore, established clubs together in mutual hull insurance clubs. After the removal of the company monopoly in 1824, greater competition had a good effect on the rates, terms of cover and service offered by the commercial marine insurance market and by Lloyd's underwriters, and the hull clubs became less necessary and went into decline. The burden of British shipowners on liabilities to third parties was steadily increased after the middle of the 19th century, but the amount insured under hull policy was limited in the insured value of the ship. Eventually, the first protection club, that is, the Shipowners' Mutual Protection Society was formed in 1855. It was designed to like past mutual hull clubs, but to cover liabilities for loss of life and personal injury and also the collision risks excluded from the current marine policies, particularly the excess above the limits in hull policies. In 1870, the risks of liability for loss of or damage to cargo carried on board the insured ship was first awarded by the British shipowners. After 1874, many protection clubs formed indemnity club to cover the risk of liability for loss or damage to cargo. As mentioned above, British P & I clubs have been steadily changed according to the response of shipowners under the rapidly changing law of British shipowners' liability, and so on in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
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• v.5 no.4 s.19
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• pp.9-15
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• 2005

This research developed the RMIS(Risk Management Information System) which focus on works of risk management fields required of apply of a space information, and focus on the DB to establish and apply the space information efficiently with research scope on the LPG refueling station in city. On the basis of the RMIS, this research provides the baseline to lead on an efficiency of safety inspection of LPG refueling station, advance risk assessment, and efficient making decision of an accident correspondence assessment with interlocking the GIS representing risk through the automation of a quantitative risk assessment standardize requirement to control at real-time. The RMIS development process is as follows. firstly, Relational Database(RDB) was developed by using fundamental data both On-site and Off-site relating data as peforming risk assessment on the LPG refueling station in city. Second, the risk management integral database system was developed to monitor and control the risk efficiently for user with using the Visual Basic Program. Third, through interlocking the risk management integral database system and the GIS(Falcon-map) was suggested the decision making method. Represented results through out the RMIS program development are as follows. Firstly, the RMIS was established the mutual information to advance management the risk efficiently for user and inspector with using the risk management data. Second, as this study managed risk for on-site and off-site separately and considered effect for inside and outside of facility, constructed the basis on safety management which can respond to major accident. Third, it was composed the baseline to making decision that on the basis of user interface.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.14 no.6_2
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• pp.63-72
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between organizational culture, job characteristics and job continuance will among police officers. This study targets the police officers dispatched in the Seoul metropolitan area in 2012, and it uses judgment sampling method to analyze 187 samples. This study conducted the statistical analysis, including frequency analysis, factor analysis, reliability analysis and multiple regression analysis, by using SPSS WIN 18.0. The result is as follows. First, the organizational culture among police officers has effects on job characteristics. That is, the feedback increases as the organizational culture becomes more mutual development- or agreement-oriented, or as it becomes more hierarchical; on the other hand, the job importance increases as more hierarchical and rational a culture becomes. Also, self-determination increases as an organization becomes more mutual development- or agreement-oriented. Second, the organizational culture among police officers has effects on the job continuance will. That is, the expected satisfaction increases but intentional insincerity decreases as the organizational culture becomes more mutual development- or agreement-oriented. Also, risk-perceiving behavior increases as an organizational culture becomes more hierarchical. Third, police officers' job characteristics have effects on the job continuance will. That is, the feedback and job importance increases the expected satisfaction while reducing functional diversity. The feedback also reduces the contraction factor. The job importance increases intentional insincerity while reducing functional diversity. The functional diversity not only increase alternative expectation but also increases risk-perceiving factors.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.109-117
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• 2007

The construction environment has the trend of oversizing and professionalizing, the increase of the construction period, and the risk factors and the uncertain factors which are important in the construction bid. The misunderstanding and the lack of knowledge of the subcontractor result in the decrease of the profit or the deficit. In conclusion, these are supposed to give the financial burden to the subcontractor. So, it is very important to predict the construction preparation cost calculation by the risk factors in the bidding stage and to calculate the bid unit cost considering the target profit of the subcontractor in the process of the mutual agreement and performance of the contract. In these points of view, this study analyzes how the importance of the risks influencing the bidding cost calculation affect the construction cost, and this analysis can be used as the basic data to establish the suitable bid strategy of the subcontractor.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.29 no.11
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• pp.1485-1497
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to define the mutual relationship between the explanatory variables of brand loyalty and consumer's fashion luxury brand loyalty, and ultimately to show a path model of fashion luxury brand loyalty. Especially this was focused on the relationship among social risk perception, symbolism involvement, marketer leading information search, and continuing brand loyalty. In the empirical study, a questionnaire was developed through the literature search and a survey was conducted both in on-line and off-line questionnaire simultaneously. Finally 291 data from males and females who had a buying experience of luxury brand goods were analyzed. The result showed the 4 significant paths of fashion luxury brand loyalty existed, such as social risk perception$\rightarrow$symbolism involvement, social risk perception$\rightarrow$marketer leading information search, symbolism involvement$\rightarrow$continuing brand loyalty, marketer leading information search$\rightarrow$continuing brand loyalty. And the explanatory factor which has the strongest influencing power to continuing brand loyalty was symbolism involvement. The powers of social risk perception and marketer leading information search to continuing brand loyalty were weaker than symbolism involvement. The findings of this study are expected to contribute to develop a theory on the consumer's loyalty to fashion luxury goods and marketing strategies for enhancing the brand loyalty.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.1-10
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• 2005

Policies of the United States, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Germany and Denmark were compared and analyzed on risk assessment of contaminated sites. These countries were chosen from a feasible preliminary analysis of 18 countries of the European Union and the U. S. All the countries selected met two major criteria : I) implementation of risk assessment to determine the soil contamination and remediation targets of contaminated sites, ii) use of soil guidance values and risk assessment as complementary measures to determine soil contamination. Suggested policy improvements to Korea regarding these issues include i) legislation of a rational risk assessment methodology of contaminated sites, and ii) enactment of collaboration of risk assessment with the soil guidance values. To establish effective risk assessment legislation, additional in-depth research on social, economic and long-term effects of the proposed risk assessment methodologies, as well as the mutual consent of all parties including academia, industry, and administration will be necessary. Linking risk assessment with soil guidance values would be applicable to a site contaminated where the contaminant concentration exceeds a certain soil guidance value. In parallel, application of risk assessment to a site where a contaminant concentration is naturally different such as mining sites would be plausible. The policy suggestions above are not yet conclusive due to a lack of policy implementation, and simulation. Thus, additional research on developing risk assessment methodology is needed. Nevertheless, initiation of the suggested policy would increase the efficacy of Korean policy regarding the survey and remediation of contaminated sites.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.78-85
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• 2004

This research analyzes Clean Room accidents, and presents research Clean Room, major fire prevention standards of Clean Room (FM, IRI, and NFPA Code), various results from Fire Simulation of analysis. The results are : the smoke diffusion is very quick coupled with the Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems under fire ; the possibility of getting the result and the possibility the role of the Sprinkler systems to reduce the diffusion of the smoke. We learn about the importance to stop operating Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems and to operate the Sprinkler system for securing safety with fire detection. Therefore, This research will be contributing to secure safety of Clean Room.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.493-507
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• 2011

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of sense of coherence (SOC) on occupational stress, psychosocial stress and quality of life (QOL) of nurses working in a hospital. Methods: The participants were 401 nurses working in S hospital in Seoul. A stratified random sampling was performed for the all nurses in S hospital which were grouped by age and work unit. Data were collected by a self-report survey. Data analyses included descriptive statistics, t-test, Pearson correlations, multiple linear regressions, and ANOVA. Results: This study showed nurses' occupational stress was at high risk and their psychosocial stress, at low risk. It also showed that those two types of stress are mutual predictors for each other and that SOC was a predictor for both types of stress. For QOL, SOC was also a predictor in SF-36 and MCS (Mental Component Summary). Therefore, SOC may be considered as a major controlling factor for stress and QOL. Conclusion: The results indicate the need to develop programs that enhances nurses' SOC, programs that could be utilized as an intervention to reduce nurses' stress and to promote nurses' QOL.

• Journal of Contemporary Eastern Asia
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.68-93
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• 2018

With the emergence of partnerships with private actors in public and cultural diplomacies, complexity in the relations among the various stakeholders involved has arisen, and yet the relevant research is insufficient to shed any beneficial light on such issues. By looking at public-private partnerships, the present study determined that resource dependence, trust, and risk are the main factors affecting the feasibility of partnerships, and inductively developed propositions on their effects. In an explorative case study, Germany (decentralized mode of governance) and South Korea (centralized mode of governance) were compared as exemplary contrasting system designs. The results revealed that risk and trust are likely to affect the feasibility of partnerships, whereas resource dependence is not. The following additional findings also were made: (1) there are cultural actors in a 'for profit, but with non-profit purposes' sector; (2) an interpersonal level of trust positively affects partnerships; (3) 'taking risks' brings about 'innovation'; (4) the existence of international commonalities between any two cases depending on the actors' shared role, whether public or private; (5) public actors' emphasis on mutual trust, program budget and execution, innovations coming from taking risks, commitment and ownership, and unexpected situations; (6) private actors' consideration of 'publicness' and grant-seeking or financial support as important incentives, and their desire that public actors to show more trust, professionalism, and ownership with less control over budget execution. With its qualitative approach and in-depth analysis, the present study yielded new insights, notwithstanding the relatively small sample data.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.27-38
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• 2013

Word-of-mouth (WOM) communication (traditionally important in consumption) is expanding its influence into cyber space and is playing an important role in online shopping. Consumers who use online shopping might not readily make purchasing decisions due to information overload, lack of accurate product recognition, and the distrust of commercial information. Subsequently, people use WOM communication for a mutual interchange with others who share common concerns, interests, and purposes. This study examines the consumer characteristics, perceived risk on online shopping and benefits of online shopping according to WOM behavior that may significantly affect consumer actions. Factor analysis, t-test, one-way ANOVA, cluster analysis, and Chi-square analysis were used for statistical analysis to identify the differences in consumer characteristics. Online WOM behavior consumers purchased more various items than offline WOM behavior consumers; however, the most influential purchasing factor was price regardless of WOM behavior. Offline WOM behavior consumers have shown higher perceived online shopping risks and benefits.