• Human Ecology Research
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.15-32
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• 2018

This study analyzes difference in consumers' and front-line workers' perceptions on 'consumer complaint behavior with hateful intentions' though the Co-orientation Model in three dimensions. In addition, we seek to contribute to reducing the conflict between consumers and front-line workers in the service contact point by finding factors that affect the difference in perception between two parties. This study findings and implications are as follows. First, Taking a look at the mutual orientation between consumers and front-line workers, mutual perceptions have been found to match in agreement but with a significant difference in perceived agreement (congruence), which indicates that the internal perceptions of both consumers and front-line workers do not match. The findings confirm that consumers and front-line workers have different perspectives on consumer complaint behavior with hateful intentions and therefore raise a need for efforts and institutional devices for improvement. Second, the study has found that consumers' economic responsibility as part of their social responsibilities and front-line workers' perceptions on consumers' civic responsibility affect the perception difference between these two groups and suggest a need for educating consumers about economic responsibility. Meanwhile, unlike consumers, front-line workers view consumers' complaint behavior with hateful intentions from an ethical point of view, raising a need for a transition of perspectives on complaint behavior with hateful intentions.

• (The) Korean Journal of Advertising
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.179-201
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• 2014

This study explored mutual perceptions among clients, agencies, and consumers on the evaluation of ad creativity applying the co-orientation model. In order to investigate agreement, congruence, accuracy among three groups, they exposed to real commercials as stimuli and evaluated ad creativity of them in terms of four dimensions, such as originality, appropriateness, clarity, and relevance. Results indicated that agreement between agencies and consumers is relatively high, whereas one between clients and agencies is relatively low. Also, clients show relatively higher level of congruence, but agencies have relatively lower level of one. Accuracy between agencies' evaluation of ad creativity and clients' perception of agencies' view on ad creativity, and between consumers' evaluation of ad creativity and clients' perception of consumers' view on ad creativity would be relatively high. On the other hand, accuracy between clients' evaluation of ad creativity and agencies' perception of clients' view on ad creativity would be relatively low. Results showed that there is a need clients and agencies to consider on consumers' viewpoints on ad creativity.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.669-678
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• 2004

Coastal states are adopting maritime boundary delimitation as their primary maritime policy because maritime jurisdiction directly relates to vast economic interest. This becomes specially important and sensitive when complex maritime boundary issues are involved between neighboring coastal states. China has not actively carried out nor declared maritime boundary delimitation until recently with any country except Agreement between China and Viet Nam on the demarcation of the territorial water, the exclusive economic zones and the continental shelf of China and Vet Nam in the Gulf of Tonkin on 25 December 2000 (hereinafter, the Gulf of Tonkin Agreement). The principles that governs maritime boundary delimitation are to consider primarily an agreement between States concerned, however, if no agreement can be reached, all relevant circumstances are considered to achieve an equity between concerned States. Relevant circumstances are length of coastline, form of coastline, existence and position of island or islands, speciality of geology/topography, and factor of economy and deffnce. Factors which sinologists are considering in regard to continental shelf delimitation of the Yellow Sea are as follows; i) geographical factor, ii) geological factor, iii) topographical factor, iv) environment and ecological (factor, v) historic interest, and vi) social and economic interest. The 'Gulf of Tonkin Agreement' is completed by basically applying the principle of delimitation according to median line which seems that China has adopted the maritime boundary delimitation principle of 'half and half' which was the intention of chinese government. At the same time, China recognized Viet Nam's dominion and sovereign right over the partial exclusive economic zone and the continental shelf of Dao Bach Long Vi in Gulf of Tonkin. This case can be considered as an example of mutual concession or compromise in delimiting maritime boundary for states of concerned.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.28 no.10
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• pp.1549-1557
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• 2004

Fatigue life of welded joints is governed by the propagation of multiple collinear surface cracks distributed randomly along weld toe. These cracks propagate under the mechanisms of mutual interaction and coalescence of the adjacent two cracks. To estimate the fatigue life, its influences on the above two mechanisms should be taken into account, which appear through the stress intensity factors disturbed mutually. However, it is difficult to calculate the stress intensity factors of the multiple surface cracks located in vicinity of weld toe due to its geometrical complexity. They are calculated normally by using the Μk-factors, but such Mk-factors are very rare in literature. In this study, the Μ$textsc{k}$-factors were obtained from a parametric study on crack length and depth, for which a finite element method is used. A fatigue test for a cruciform welded Joint was conducted and the fatigue life of the tested specimen was estimated using the present method with the informations obtained from the test, such as the number, size, and locations of the cracks. The estimated and measured fatigue life showed a good agreement.

• IEIE Transactions on Smart Processing and Computing
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• v.4 no.5
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• pp.311-317
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• 2015

The aim of this study is to develop a 3D registration algorithm for positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) images acquired from independent PET/CT and MR imaging systems. Combined PET/CT images provide anatomic and functional information, and MR images have high resolution for soft tissue. With the registration technique, the strengths of each modality image can be combined to achieve higher performance in diagnosis and radiotherapy planning. The proposed method consists of two stages: normalized mutual information (NMI)-based global matching and independent component analysis (ICA)-based refinement. In global matching, the field of view of the CT and MR images are adjusted to the same size in the preprocessing step. Then, the target image is geometrically transformed, and the similarities between the two images are measured with NMI. The optimization step updates the transformation parameters to efficiently find the best matched parameter set. In the refinement stage, ICA planes from the windowed image slices are extracted and the similarity between the images is measured to determine the transformation parameters of the control points. B-spline. based freeform deformation is performed for the geometric transformation. The results show good agreement between PET/CT and MR images.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.9
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• pp.209-217
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to investigate the development and determinants of China-ASEAN trade relations over the period of 2000-2018. Employing both the qualitative and quantitative approaches, the results show that the trade relations between China and the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) have remarkably developed and rapidly grown over times, with a significantly important concentration on the segments of high technological and medium technological products. We also find that China's economic scale is crucially impacting on the China-ASEAN trade relations under both the aggregate and sub-sector level. It is interesting to notice that there is no evidence to support accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) and officially forming of ASEAN-China Free Trade Agreement (ACFTA) to enhance trade relation between both sides. The findings also quantitatively indicate that there is much significant potential for the expansion of mutual trade between China and some members of ASEAN such as Brunei, Laos and Malaysia, while less potential is predicted for other members of ASEAN. It is strongly suggested that China and ASEAN should find a new proactive approach and make more efforts in improving the mutual political trusts to enhance trading activities in the coming years.

• Asian Journal of Business Environment
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.27-32
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• 2016

Purpose - This paper aims to analyze and investigate to find out the appropriate ways to make an easy TBT of smart city. It is an important issue between Korea and China because TBT of smart city has lots of advantages in IT, S/W, IOT, and Home network. Research design, data and methodology - First, the paper made use of reviewing2nd data analysis and focused on group interview, and then compared with analysis on the international rule and system such as smart city system, technical regulation, and standard through test certification procedure and inspection. Second, this paper reviewed electric/electronic test, certification, and calibration. Third, through analyzing MRA between Korea and china, the paper focused on SDoC, Mutual Acceptance of International certification, and IECCB scheme. Results - Through the comparison and analysis, this paper found that it is important to promote multi-track agreements with the countries that need short-term promotion. Moreover, it is necessary to conclude an agreement with the leading countries in Middle East and Central America. Conclusions - Through the above the reviews and analysis, we can see the importance of promotion in FTA and MRA with the efforts to remove the obstacles and promote to make an easy TBT by MRA between Korea and China.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2004.04a
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• pp.120-125
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• 2004

Fatigue life of welded joints are governed by the propagation of multiple collinear surface cracks distributed randomly along weld bead. These cracks propagate in mutual interaction and coalescence of them. To estimate the fatigue life, the influences of above two mechanisms on the fatigue life should be taken into account. These two mechanisms appear through the stress intensity factors disturbed mutually. However, it is difficult to calculate the stress intensity factors of multiple surface cracks located in vicinity of weld toe. The stress intensity factors are calculated normally by using the Mk-factors, but such Mk-factors are very rare in literature. In this study, the Mk-factors were obtained from a parametric study on crack length and depth, in which a finite element method is used. A fatigue test for a cruciform welded joint was conducted. The fatigue life of the tested specimen was estimated through present method with the informations obtained from the test, e.g. the number, size and locations of the cracks. The estimated and measured fatigue life showed a good agreement.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.191-210
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• 2017

The old sources of competitive edge and value added were land, labor, and capital. In today's knowledge-based economy in the 21st century, technology is attracting attention as a new engine of growth. That paradigm shift of world economy has resulted in the global spread of technology transfer and the gradual increase of trade of intangible goods including patents and know-how as well as tangible goods in international trade. An international license agreement is a representative form of technology transfer. In license agreements, the providers of technology keep their ownership of technology, allow the implementation of technology to the users of technology only for a certain period of time, and receive loyalty as a reward. Economic profit through such technology trade can be realized with the smooth implementation and termination of agreement. International license agreements are different from sales contracts, which represent international business transaction based on mutual obligation, in many aspects in that they target intangible goods of technology and aim for rent for a certain period of time. This study thus set out to examine issues that could be controversial in the main and individual obligation of the parties in international license agreements and provide implications helpful for the prevention of disputes in advance.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.313-323
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• 2020

With the development of smart grid technologies, a user can use the secure and reliable power services in smart gird environments. However, the users are not secure against various potential attacks because the smart gird services are provided through the public channel. Therefore, a secure and lightweight authentication and key agreement scheme has become a very important security issue in smart grid in order to guarantee user's privacy. In 2019, Zhang et al. proposed a lightweight authentication scheme for smart gird communications. In this paper, we demonstrate that Zhang et al.'s scheme is vulnerable to impersonation and session key disclosure attacks, and then we propose a secure authentication and key agreement scheme for smart grid environments without tamper-resistant devices. Moreover, we perform the informal security and the BAN logic analysis to prove that our scheme is secure various attacks and provides secure mutual authentication, respectively. We also perform the performance analysis compared with related schemes. Therefore, the proposed scheme is efficiently applicable to practical smart gird environments.