• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.288-291
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• 1988

We have veen already reported the distribution of PSP of bivalve mollusca in southern coast of Korea and also analyzed their characteristics. The purpose of this study was to develop detoxification method for PSP infested sea mussel, Mytilus edulis, by rearing methods or processing treatments. There was no significant detoxification effect when the PSP infested sea mussel was reared in a tank with water recirculation system, but the toxicity of sea mussel rapidly decreased during the rearing time in a water flow system with filtered water. The detoxification rate of PSP during the rearing for 5 days in a water flow system tank with $15-17^{\circ}C$ of sea water was $94\%$ in case of high toxic sample with more than $2,600{\mu}g/100g$ and about $40\%$ in case of low toxic sample with less than $100{\mu}g/100g$. The toxicity of PSP extracted from the sample with 0.1N/ HCl solution was about 2-5 times higher than that extracted with distilled water. When sea mussel contained $100-150{\mu}g-PSP$ per 100g of edible meat was boiled for 30 min with tap water, the toxicity was destroyed as the level of PSP undetected by mouse assay. We can suggest that boiling of sea mussel with tap water was one of the most significant detoxification methods, but it was not enough to be safe in case of extremely high intoxicated sea mussel with PSP. For example, the digestive gland of sea mussel contained more than $9593{\mu}g/100g$ was heated in a can with tap water at $116^{\circ}C$ for 65 min. the residual PSP was more than $170{\mu}g$.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.297-302
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• 1988

We have veen already reported the distribution of PSP of bivalve mollusca in southern coast of Korea and also analyzed their characteristics. The purpose of this study was to develop detoxification method for PSP infested sea mussel, Mytilus edulis, by rearing methods or processing treatments. There was no significant detoxification effect when the PSP infested sea mussel was reared in a tank with water recirculation system, but the toxicity of sea mussel rapidly decreased during the rearing time in a water flow system with filtered water. The detoxification rate of PSP during the rearing for 5 days in a water flow system tank with $15-17^{\circ}C$ of sea water was $94\%$ in case of high toxic sample with more than $2,600{\mu}g/100g$ and about $40\%$ in case of low toxic sample with less than $100{\mu}g/100g$. The toxicity of PSP extracted from the sample with 0.1N/ HCl solution was about 2-5 times higher than that extracted with distilled water. When sea mussel contained $100-150{\mu}g-PSP$ per 100g of edible meat was boiled for 30 min with tap water, the toxicity was destroyed as the level of PSP undetected by mouse assay. We can suggest that boiling of sea mussel with tap water was one of the most significant detoxification methods, but it was not enough to be safe in case of extremely high intoxicated sea mussel with PSP. For example, the digestive gland of sea mussel contained more than $9593{\mu}g/100g$ was heated in a can with tap water at $116^{\circ}C$ for 65 min. the residual PSP was more than $170{\mu}g$.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.103-109
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• 1970

The results of this work concerning the growth of the mussel, Mytilus edulis cultured by the hanging method in Koje Bay are as follows: The major spawning time is confined to the period from March to April. The mean growth of the mussel is indicated by the following formula; $$Y\;=\;1.508+0.659X-0.0559X^{2}+0.00367X^3$$ The major growing seasons are June and October The variance varied in proportion to the growth of the mussel, and each ranged, in shell height, from $1.25\~2.75\;to\;2.25\~4.25$ (mean:1.60 to 2.78)cm, $2.25\~5.25(3.00)cm,\;2.25\~7.75(4.83)cm,\;2.25\~7.75(5.05)cm\;and\;2.25\~8.25(5.95)cm$, and the variance were $0.278\~0.230$, 0.368, 0.701, 1.053 and 1.209, respectively. On the other hand, the variances differed in proportion to the growth of the mussel. The average length of the mussel life was about eighteen months. The mussels growing on the hanging line for arrestation undergo seasonal vicissitudes, and the mussels which fall off, mass into countless numbers during the period from August to October and finally disappear completely in November. The dimensions of the largest mussel are as follows: The shell height : 9.48cm The shell length: 4.49cm The shell breath : 3.55cm The shell weight : 22.05g The weight of the soft parts 19.25g The relative growth of the mussel is indicated as follows: Relationship between the shell height and the shell length: Y =0.486X+0.334 Relationship between the shell height and the shell breadth: Y = 0.359X+0.107 Relationship between the weight of the soft part and the shell weight: Y = 0.882X+0.901 Relationship between the shell height and the weight of the soft part: $$Y\;=\;0.02828X^{2.90518}$$

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.21-28
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• 2007

The bioaccumulation of Pb and Cd dissolved in seawater was assessed measuring the concentrations recorded within blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) and oliver flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) after two weeks exposure period. The Pb and Cd concentration within the whole body of two testing organisms increased according to the exposure concentrations, and the such tendency was clear specially from the mussel. Maximum metal concentration reached $5,260({\pm}70)\;{\mu}g/g$ for Pb reared under 5.0 mg/L Pb, $1,040({\pm}40)\;{\mu}g/g$ for Cd reared under 1.0 mg/L Cd in the mussel, and indicated that the bioaccumulation of Pb and Cd was directly related to the rearing medium concentrations. Bioconcentration factors (BCF) reached very high values for Pb (maximum value: $12,100{\pm}1,400$) in the mussel reared under lowest Pb concentration (0.01 mg/L). The BCF value for Cd in the mussel were also far higher at exposure to low Cd concentration than high Cd concentration. At higher external concentrations, the BCF for Cd and Pb declined. This demonstrated the ability of two testing organisms to rapidly uptake heavy metals particularly when exposed to low external concentration. The mean Pb concentration was slightly higher in the gill of mussel than in the digestive gland, while Cd showed a higher level in the digestive gland than in the gill.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.287-292
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• 2000

The toxicity and toxin composition between blue mussel, Mytilus edulis and oyster, Crassostrea gigas collected at Woepori in Ko je island in South Coast of Korea in 1996 and 1997 were compared. The highest toxicity score was about 10 times higher in blue mussel than oyster (blue mussel, 8,670 $\mu\textrm{g}$; oyster, 860$\mu\textrm{g}$ in 1996, blue mussel, 5,657 $\mu\textrm{g}$/100g in 1997). The blue mussel also retained its toxicity for slightly longer period than oyster. In the both shellfish, PSP was composed almost exclusively of C toxicity (Cl and C2, 20~65%) and gonyautoxins (GTXl, 2, 3, and 4, 38~78%). In the early period of toxin accumulation, the ratio of 11$\beta$-epimer toxins (C2, GTX4) whose amount was 25~56 mole% (5th March to 12th April in 1996) and 25~80 mole% (18th March to 7th April in 1997), were higher than that of 11-epimer toxins (Cl, GTX2) whose amount was 41~57 mol%(27th May to 3rd June in 1996) and 25~56 mole% (29th April to 12th May in 1997), became higher than that of 11-epimer toxins. The toxin compositions in the both samples changed on a daily basis, presumably owing to metabolism of the toxin in the bivalves.

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.271-278
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• 1987

Attempts were made to elucidate the responsible toxin in mussel Mytilus sp. which caused a food pisoning incident in March 1986 in Pusan, Korea. Two persons were dead and 15 persons intoxicated in the incident. The mid-gut glands of the mussel collected were extracted with dichlorlmethane, filtered through a Diaflo ulteafiltration membrane, and then purified by chromatography on Bio-Gel P-2 and Bio-Rex 70. The toxic fractions obtained were analysed by electrophoresis, TLC and ion-pairing reversed phase HPLC analyses. The results showed that the fractions contained GTW$\_$1-4/ as the major component, along with neoSTX, PX$\_$1,2/ as the minor. It was concluded from these results that the causative mussel toxin of the above food poisoning was PSP.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.234-240
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• 1990

Attempts have been made to optimize the hydrolysis conditions of the oyster and the mussel by the commercial proteolytic enzymes. Raw materials were digested with seven different commercial enzymes, and their quality parameters measured in terms of degree of hydrolysis and content of free amino nitrogen, nucleic acid-related substances. and free amino acids as well as sensory evaluation of optimization of their hydrolysis conditions. As a result, following enzymes have been disclosed as effective for enzymatic digestion: MKC-HT proteolytic, alcalase 0.6L and thermease for the oyster whereas MKC-acid fungal protease and thermoase for the mussel, respectively.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.21 no.12
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• pp.36.1-36.11
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• 2018

Background: To confirm whether shellfish are suitable for consumption, the quality of seawater and shellfish in shellfish-producing areas must be assessed regularly. This study was conducted to evaluate the bacterial quality on the Changseon area, containing a designated shellfish-producing area, in Korea during 2011-2013. Result: Even though many inland pollutants near the area were identified, they showed no significant impact on the designated area and the shellfish therein. The concentrations of fecal bacteria in all the seawater and mussel samples from the designated area during the harvesting season were within the standards of various countries. Pathogenic bacteria were not detected in any of the mussel samples. In our previous study, the hazardous metal levels in all the mussels from the same area were also within the limits of different countries. Conclusion: The mussel products in this area are suitable for consumption based on fecal pollution, pathogenic bacteria, and also heavy metals.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.280-286
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• 2021

This study was performed to screen the antimicrobial activities and proteolytic enzyme stability of the acidified extract of the Blue mussel Mytilus edulis. The acidified extract showed potent antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive bacteria, Bacillus subtilis, and Gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia coli D31, but had no activity against Candida albicans. Treatment of extract with trypsin completely abolished all or significant antibacterial activity against the tested bacteria, but slightly decreased antimicrobial activity against B. subtilis, and treatment of extract with chymotrypsin retained almost antibacterial activity against the tested bacteria except for E. coli D31. To confirm the additional enzyme stability of the extract, antimicrobial activity of the extract was tested after treated with several enzymes. Enzymes treated extract showed potent antimicrobial activity against B. subtilis and its activity was also retained for 5 h after trypsin treatments. Non-proteinaceous materials in the acidified extract also showed strong DNA-binding ability but did not show bacterial membrane permeabilizing ability. All our results indicate that mussel extract might contain the proteinaceous or non-proteinaceous antibacterial materials target not bacterial membrane but intracellular components. These results could be used to develop mussel extract as an additive for the improvement of stability or antimicrobial activity of antibiotics against specific bacteria.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.22-30
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• 1971

Sea mussel Mytilus edulis, world-widely distributed, is a sort of popular food in Korea. The demands of high quality and mass production are not being satisfied since it is usually sun dried. A rapid dehydration and the treatment of food additives to improve the quality of the product seems to be required. In this paper, the effect of antioxidants and EDTA treatment was studied when sea mussel was pressed and hot-air dehydrated for 10 hours at 45 to $52^{\circ}C$ under the air flow rate of 3 meter per second. The results are as follows: 1) Cooked and pressed sea mussel was dehydrated mere rapidly than cooked without pressing. 2) The rehydration rate of pressed and dehydrated sea mussel was higher than that of the unpressed. 3) Among six samples, BHA treated material showed the best color preservation during dehydration and storage. The treatment of Teonox-II was also effective following BHA. 4) The effects of antioxidants used during dehydration and storage were in order of BHA, Tenox-II and NDGA treatment, while EDTA was ineffective. 5) No significant difference in rehydration rate was found between those treated with antioxidants or EDTA and the untreated. 6) The amount of soluble protein was higher in the samples treated with antioxidants than in EDTA treated or untreated samples. 7) The results suggest that the treatment of BHA and pressing process produce improved product in quality which gives higher amount of soluble protein and better rehydration, color preservation and preventive effect of rancidity.