• Journal of Music and Human Behavior
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.29-47
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• 2024

The purpose of this study was to investigate how children with cochlear implants (CI) perceive emotion in music depending on mode and tempo cues, and to compare them to NH children. Participants in this study included 13 CI children who were implanted with either unilateral or bilateral cochlear implants aged between 7 and 13 years, 36 NH children, and 20 NH adults. The musical stimuli used in this study were piano recordings in either major or minor mode, with tempos of 130 bpm and 56 bpm. A comparison of the emotion perception levels of NH children and NH adults before the experiment showed that there was no significant difference between the two groups. Meanwhile, the way they perceive different emotions from each music condition varies, in that CI children perceived all music conditions except as happy, while NH children perceived music in a major key as happy and music in a minor key as sad. It supports that CI children tend to rely primarily on tempo cues to process and identify emotional information from music, which is contrary to NH children. It is important to note that this study enhanced and specified the understanding of how CI children perceive music emotion and use specific musical elements in the process. These findings indicate baseline data on emotion perception in music in CI children.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.380-390
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• 2000

This study was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of music therapy as one of the psychiatric nursing intervention tools, with addtional information in relieving anxiety during the procedure. Data were collected through nonequivalent pre-and post tests from July 1, 1998 to September 30 1998 in 90 patients (test group A: 28 patients, test group B: 27 patients, control group: 33 patients) who were hospitalized in DongSan Medical Center in order to have cardiac catheterization. The Subjects were informed by educational videos, which were modified according to the sensory information of the 10 study patients. They were based on the informative booklet by Kim keum-soon (1989). The procedural information was also modified according to the hospital`s customs. Provided the music for patients suitable to their tastes, and measured their blood pressure, heart rate, the degree of anxiety using the Spielberger`s measurement device of anxiety, and behavioral response of Finesilver`s. The statistical significance was analyzed using chi-square test and ANOVA. The results of this study were as follows : Hypothesis 1 : There are significant differences in the degree of anxiety among test group A, Test group A was provided only information, Test group B was provided information and the control group was provided neither. Hypothesis 2 : There are significant differences in systolic blood pressure among test group A, test group B, and control group.: non-significant. Hypothesis 3 : There are significant differences in diastolic blood pressure among test group A, test group B, and control group.: significant(F=1.31, p=.27, interaction; F=3.80, p=.00). Hypothesis 4 : There are significant differences in heart rate among test group A, test group B, and control group.: non-significant. Hypothesis 5 : There are significant differences in behavioral responses among test group A, test group B, and control group.: significant(F=10.05, p=.00). Further validation study is required with other subjects and other settings.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.8 no.9
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• pp.265-270
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• 2017

This study purposed to investigate harmonic compositions and progressions that are appropriate for emotion vocabulary. In study 1, eight(8) professional music therapists were asked to provide harmonic compositions and progressions reflecting the tonal characteristics of emotion vocabulary and the rationales. Various attributes of harmonic compositions and progressions were examined and the content analysis were administered. In study 2, the obtained data on study 1 were evaluated by 124 music therapy and music majors for the validity. In the first study, analyzed results showed that 'happy' vocabulary utilized major, tonic, consecutive chord changes, 'angry' vocabulary utilized minor, augmented, $9^{th}$, $11^{th}$, unsolved $7^{th}$ chord progression, 'sad' vocabulary utilized minor, diminish, chromatic chord progressions. In the second study, there was statistically significant difference with 'happy' vocabulary. These results can provide basic evidences for musical ideas of harmonic compositions and progressions to better communicate emotional aspects of lyrical messages when composing melody in a song.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.155-167
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• 2019

The aim of this study was to examine the experiences of music therapists in using their voice clinically. The researcher conducted in-depth interviews with seven music therapists who were able to explain their experiences in using voice. Each interview was analyzed using the phenomenological method of Amedeo Giorgi. The data analysis yielded 9 sub-categories and 6 components: "promotion of various feelings due to clinical use of voice", "voice use depending on the therapist's personality", "voice use for therapy", "positive musical experiences with clients in using voice", "difficulty in using voice as a tool for music therapy", and "attempt to change unsatisfactory voice". The result showed that the music therapists had both positive and difficult experiences with their clients in using their voice. Their instances of perceived unsatisfactory voice prompted them to develop themselves personally and professionally. This study is intended to provide a general understanding of voice use by music therapists and offer a solid basis for music therapists to study voice in the future.

• Journal of Music and Human Behavior
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.33-53
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of a singing program on withdrawal behaviors of children in low-income families. To measure the effects of the singing program, the researcher compared the results of K-YSR and TRF withdrawal scales before and after the program. Finally, the researcher did research on the subjects' musical and non-musical behaviors related to withdrawal through a record of behavior observation. The results of this study were asfollows: First, after comparing the results of K-YSR and TRF withdrawal scales conducted before and after the singing program, the mean of the scores was decreased by 6.4 and 3.6 points respectively (p = .042). Second, an analysis of withdrawal-related behavioral changes in music activities after the program showed an increase in frequency of eye contact, as well as tone and volume of subjects' voices. The results of this study indicate that the singing program has positive effects on withdrawal behaviors of children in low-income familiesin addition, it is effective in alleviating withdrawal-related behaviors.

• Journal of Music and Human Behavior
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.69-92
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether a songwriting intervention would improve self-expression of adolescents with cochlear implants (CI). In this study, the songwriting intervention was designed to incorporate previous research findings on music perception of individuals with CIs and to provide musical experiences in which adolescents with CIs could be successful in using music resources for their self-expression. Accordingly, stepwise songwriting procedures were constructed and music technology (i.e., GarageBand as an iPad application) was used. Two adolescents with CIs participated in the intervention once a week for 8 weeks. Changes in level of participation in songwriting tasks, verbal expression, self-reports about the songwriting process were examined. The results demonstrated that the participants showed increased attempts to express themselves via music making. It was also shown that their negative perception of their ability to verbally express themselves decreased. They were observed as becoming more competent in creating music by deciding how various musical elements should be played and making rhythm or melodic patterns by themselves. These results indicate that the songwriting intervention can facilitate self-expression of adolescents with CIs. Further implications in terms of the psychosocial needs of individuals with CIs are presented.

• Journal of Music and Human Behavior
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.49-68
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• 2024

This study aims to acoustically analyze Korean language characteristics and convert these findings into musical elements, providing foundational data for evidence-based music-language rehabilitation. We collected voice data from thirty men and thirty women aged 19-25, each providing six-syllable prosodic units composed of two accentual phrases, including both declarative and interrogative sentences. Analyzing this data with Praat, we extracted syllabic acoustic properties and conducted statistical analyses based on acoustic properties, sentence type, gender, and particle presence. Significant differences were found in syllable frequency and duration based on accentual phrases and prosodic units (p < .001), with interrogative showing higher frequencies and declaratives longer durations (p < .001). Female frequencies were significantly higher than males' (p < .001), with longer durations observed (p < .001). Particle syllables also showed significantly stronger intensities (p < .001). Finally, we presented melodies converted from these acoustic properties into musical scores based on pitch, duration, and accent. The insights from this analysis of six-syllable Korean sentences will guide further research on developing a system for melodizing large-scale Korean speech data, expected to be crucial in music-based language rehabilitation.

• Journal of Music and Human Behavior
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.35-54
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to examine how Korean music therapy students experience growth under clinical supervision. The investigator conducted in-depth qualitative interviews with 9 students from 3 different universities in Seoul who had at least three semesters of clinical supervision. Data was analyzed using a modified grounded theory approach to construct the growth experience of music therapy supervisees. Results suggest that growth can be understood in terms of both personal and professional domains and includes four types of experiences: growth hindering, fostering, mediating, and revealing. In the personal domain, hindering factors are defensiveness, narcissistic trauma, avoidance and anxiety whereas growth fostering and mediating factors include reflection on self, musical self, unconscious drives and conflicting issues as well as self-driven problem solving skills. As a result, growth in the personal domain is associated with increased self-acceptance and self-awareness. Growth in the professional domain is hindered by having trust issues, performance anxiety, identity crisis, and being hypersensitive to the judgment of others. On the other hand, growth is fostered and mediated by opening the self and interacting more with others, building trusting relationships with peers and supervisors, and establishing a new relationship with music, which leads to improved attitude, increased motivation, and more efficient and effective training.

• Journal of Music and Human Behavior
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.25-46
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• 2019

This pilot study involved a single session of song-based music therapy to relieve the anxiety of intensive care unit (ICU) caregivers. Six caregivers of ICU patients participated in the intervention session individually. During the initial stage of the intervention, the participants' current emotional states were identified. Then they listened to familiar songs and playing a tone chime, which was intended to help them relax their body and reduce their psychological resistance. During singing experiences as an essential part of the intervention, the participants discussed the lyrics of songs in an attempt to find the meaning related to them. Also, they sang the songs with a live accompaniment in which their emotional states were reflected with changes in musical elements (e.g., tempo, dynamics, rhythm, or chords). In the final stage, they identified personal application to their everyday lives. To analyze the results, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and a visual analog scale on emotional states were completed by participants before and after the session, and participants' verbal responses during the session were also recorded. According to the results, STAI anxiety scores significantly declined following the session. Also, they showed significant increases in positive emotions and significant decreases in negative emotions. This suggests that short-term music therapy can be an effective intervention for relieving the psychological distress of ICU caregivers.

• Journal of Naturopathy
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.46-56
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• 2020

Purpose: This study proposes a concert oriented music therapy (COMT) program which takes into account the personal and social factors of depression, and its clinical effects were validated on elderly persons with visual impairments who were susceptible to depression. The experiment was conducted on 34 elderly persons with visual impairments, randomly allocated to either the experimental group (n = 15) or the control group (n = 19). The COMT program was applied 20 times in total to the experimental group for 110 minutes every other week, for a duration of 10 months. The depression level was evaluated using the Korean form of the Geriatric Depression Scale (KGDS). The experimental results showed that the average KGDS score in the experimental group decreased by 4.1 points (19.4%), from 21.0 to 16.9, whereas it increased by 1.16 points (5.8%), from 19.95 to 21.11, in the control group. The reduction in the depression level was significant for the following 4 depression factors : decreased social interest (40%), negative thinking and the unhappiness feeling (20%), emotional discomfort (16.3%), and cognitive dysfunction (7.6%), whereas it was negligible in the factors of physical weakening and decreased vitality. The COMT program reduced the KGDS scores of the experimental group regardless of their experience in musical performance. In conclusion, the proposed COMT program proved to be efficacious in alleviating depression in elderly persons with visual impairments. In particular, it proved highly effective in helping with decreased social interest, namely, the social factor of depression which is not properly considered in existing music therapy methods.