• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.279-291
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• 2015

Objective: The purpose of the study is to evaluate appropriate weight for aged farmers in manually handling livestock feed in bags using ergonomic methods. Background: In the livestock industry in South Korea, despite the trend of aging of labor manpower, heavy items are still manually handled in many farms. In particular, among stockbreeding works, the handling of feed in bags weighing 25~30kg is reported as a cause of frequent injuries and musculoskeletal system diseases. However, studies on the standard for recommended weight allowed considering the physical characteristics of aged farmers older than 60 years with greatly decreased physical strength and muscle strength are insufficient. Method: To evaluate appropriate weight for handling of heavy livestock feed in bags, physical techniques for measuring recognized levels of physical work loads, the NLE (NIOSH lifting equation) a method that is an observation type technique, and an ergonomic modeling technique to predict compressive force imposed on L5/S1 were used. Subjects who participated in the experiment were organized into two groups of males/females with mean age exceeding 60 years, and lifting tasks were evaluated for nine weight levels. Results: Based on the results of psychophysical measurement, females showed a tendency of more drastic increases compared to males when weight was over 19kg. The results of estimation of regression models for the weight, 18.0 kg ($r^2=0.97$) and 15.3kg ($r^2=0.97$) were evaluated as stable load for males and females, respectively. In addition, both the observation type evaluation and ergonomic model evaluation showed stable loads in a range of 15~18kg. Conclusion: Given the results of the study, the weight of the feed in bags currently distributed to farms can become a cause of not only overexertion but also farm work related disasters such as musculoskeletal disorders and safety accidents. Providing livestock feed in bags weighing not more than 19kg for aged farmers is judged desirable, and managerial improvement for this matter is considered necessary. Application: The results of the present study can be utilized as useful data for institutional improvement of the weight of livestock feed in bags.

• 대한예방한의학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.32-50
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• 2000

On the process of research in the plan on oriental medical participation in the industrial health sponsored by BK21 project, we carried out the oriental medical health examination program for workers during former half-year We reached the conclusion as follows, 1. The oriental medical health examination program is contents and formalities that should be determined by present industrial health system, based on the oriental medical system and scholastic character, and included probability of the western and oriental medical cooperation. 2. The oriental medical health examination program can promote capability of individual health management and productive power of workers, and it is capable to manage on the self-conscious symptoms and macroschophically approach to their environment 3. The oriental medical health examination program that we have developed, is flow as questionare, understanding of working environment, information of result and later management. It is composed of three fields as follow , first, use of pulse diagnostic apparatus, understanding of the health promotion life style, and diagnosis of the oriental medical doctor, second, analysis of constitution, third, photographing for understanding of the musculoskeletal disorders, questionare for musculoskeletal self-conscious symptoms, and diagnosis of oriental medical doctor. 4. The oriental medical health examination program that we have developed, progressive from the view point of health, makes the oriental medical doctor's roll more important. It is the first trial at the western and oriental medical cooperation and characterized by excellence about musouloskeletal disorders. But it need to be improved in aspects of time and specialist on the health examination, diagnostic apparatus, control of examinant and later management. So we think that it needs research on the employment of health examination specialist, establishment of later management system, development of significantly diagnosable standard and assessable form on the health examination, and contents of health examination on the western and oriental medical cooperation.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.637-644
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• 2011

Objective & Background: When applying various evaluation tools that analyze work posture risk through observation, accurate measurement of body flexion angle is very important. Method: This study investigated differences and appropriateness of 5 different existing reference points commonly used in the analysis of the work posture. Twenty five ergonomist and trained professionals were participated in this study. A Same flexion angle was utilized for the evaluation of risk assessment of musculoskeletal disorders using five different reference points to investigate the degree of difference between them. To investigate how different the observers' preferred flexion angle measuring methods were compared to the ISO 11226 Reference Posture, a virtual body model was constructed using the Poser 6.0 program. Six types of body flexion postures were constructed, and since neck flexion differs according to body angle, five types of neck flexion postures were constructed with the trunk bending $20^{\circ}$ forward, making up a total of 30 virtual flexion postures. Results: Results showed that the observers used personally preferred reference points instead of reference points recommend in the evaluation tools. Also the results revealed the their seems to be 6 types of flexion angle for the trunk and 11 types of measurement methods for the neck flexion angle in the form of personally preferred reference points. The results showed that a mean difference of $14^{\circ}$($4{\sim}23^{\circ}$) occurred in the trunk, and a mean difference of $20^{\circ}$($-8{\sim}51^{\circ}$) occurred in the neck. To increase accuracy when using the 5 evaluation tools in combination, the ISO 11226 standards, observers' preferred flexion posture standards, and common flexion posture standards of the evaluation tools were compared with the reference points of the 5 evaluation tools. Results showed considerable variance in angle difference for each evaluation tool. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, considering the angle difference between the flexion angle reference points of the evaluation tool and the reference points selected by the observers, it is concluded that instead of personally preferred reference points, the standardized reference points to enhance the accuracy and the objectivity. Application: The result of this study can be used as reference guide to develop the standardized reference point in the future.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제35권11호
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• pp.1391-1398
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• 2011

본 논문은 장비의 동작분석기법을 이용하여 운전자가 핸들을 돌릴 때 팔의 관절 운동에 대한 생체역학적 해석을 수행하였다. 모형 운전석에서 운전자가 핸들을 돌릴 때 모션 캡쳐(motion capture) 시스템을 이용하여 팔의 3차원 운동궤적을 구하고, 이 결과를 이용하여 팔의 근-골격계 모델에 대한 역기구학 해석과 역동역학 해석을 수행함으로써 팔 관절의 변위와 관절 토크의 크기를 계산하였다. 각 관절의 회전 운동은 동시에 복합적으로 발생하며, 관절 운동의 크기의 관점에서 팔꿈치 관절의 회내-회외, 어깨 관절의 내전-외전, 굴곡-신전, 손목 관절의 굴곡-신전 등이 주요한 운동임을 확인할 수 있었다. 모형 운전석의 운전 자세, 핸들의 각도 및 좌석에 대한 상대적 위치와 관련된 설계변수에 대한 관절운동의 민감도 해석을 통하여 운전 자세와 핸들의 위치가 조향 동작에 미치는 영향을 정량적으로 분석하였다.

• 한국직업건강간호학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.381-391
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe the intervention model development of health promotion for women workers working in the traditional marketplace, using community capacity building framework. Methods: Need assessment of the target population, work-related environment investigation, social network group building, and setting health management in the marketplace were performed. Then the interventions including cardiovascular health, musculoskeletal health, and psychological health were conducted. The results were evaluated using NCEP-ATP III(National Cholesterol Education Program's Adult Treatment Panel III), OWAS, and CES-D. Results: It was found that the intervention program for the vulnerable group in marketplace was appropriate, promoting the improvement of metabolic syndrome and the reduction of pain complaints. Therefore, the intervention framework for health promotion of women workers in the marketplace was developed. Work-related environment assessment also was included in the framework development. Several community capacity building strategies, including developing community resources and promoting partnership, making small social network group, and promoting program participation. Conclusion: It is suggested that occupational health nurses and professionals consider the appropriateness of intervention framework development after identifying the needs of women workers' work-related environmental problems.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.230-236
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• 2011

The aim of this study was to investigate the alteration of lumbar spine and trunk postures on different load-carrying types and amounts under static loading. Two load-carrying types(unilateral carrying: UC vs. bilateral carrying: BC) and four different loads(0, 5, 10, and 15 kg) were randomly tested in this study. Carrying a heavy bag would affect human body posture, specifically lumbar spine curvature, which is considered as one of sources of back problems. Previous studies have not paid attention to the approach of the multisegment model of the lumbar spine and trunk. This study separated two compartments of trunk segment(the lumbar and thorax) in the analysis. The multisegment model of the lumbar spine in addition to Helen-Hayes marker set was used. Eight motion analysis cameras and a force plate were utilized. Ten male subjects(mean mass, $70.6{\pm}3.97$ kg; mean height, $178{\pm}4.18$ m) having no musculoskeletal disease participated in this study. We analyzed trunk angles in three anatomical planes and the spinal curvature in sagittal and frontal planes. Increased loading in both UC and BC significantly resulted in increases in trunk forward lean but only UC induced increases in trunk lateral lean. In addition, increased loading in BC produced flatten lumbar curvature in sagittal plane. As far as coupling motion, subjects tended to use axial rotation of the lumbar spine in transverse plane in response to increased UC loading. Finally, it is concluded that the increased static loading in UC rather than in BC tends to causes combined alterations of the spinal postures(sagittal and transverse planes together), which would be vulnerable to improper mechanical stresses on the spine.

• 한국직업건강간호학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.262-268
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• 2014

Purpose: This study was conducted to identify the differences by the stages of change in exercise behaviors of caregivers based on Transtheoretical Model. Methods: The subjects were consisted of randomly chosen 105 caregivers working in a nursing home. The collected data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, chi-square test, ANOVA and Duncan test using IBM SPSS Statistics 19. Results: The results showed that in the stages of exercise behaviors, there were most participants in contemplation stage with 24.7%, followed by 22.8% in preparation, 21.9% maintenance, 19.0% action and 11.4% pre-contemplation. As for the process of change by the stages of change in exercise behaviors, it showed statistically significant differences in behavioral strategies (F=7.64, p<.001). In decisional balance, pros (F=3.75, p=.007) showed statistical significance, with higher pros in all stages except pre-contemplation. Self-efficacy was also statistically significant (F=6.25, p<.001), especially in the maintenance stage. Conclusion: This study suggested that in order to encourage caregivers to exercise, a strategic intervention to reinforce the process of change, recognition of positive decision-making and promotion of self-efficacy in exercise behaviors should be developed.

• 한국군사과학기술학회지
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.806-814
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• 2019

One of the future weapon systems is the individual smart weapon which has a structure mounted on the forearm of soldiers. The structure may cause injuries or affect the accuracy of fire due to its impact on joints when shooting. This paper proposes human-impact interaction modeling and a verification methodology in order to estimate the impact of fire applied to the forearm. For this purpose, a human musculoskeletal model was constructed and the joints' behavior in various shooting positions was simulated. In order to verify the simulation results, an impact testing device substituting the smart weapon was made and the experiment was performed on a real human body. This paper compares the simulation results performed under various impact conditions and the experimental values in terms of accuracy and introduces methods to complement them. The results of the study are expected to be a basis for a reliable human-impact interaction modeling, and smart individual weapon development.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.155-170
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• 2003

Lumbar segmental instability is considered to represent a significant sub-group within the chronic low back pain population. This condition has a unique clinical presentation that displays its symptoms and movement dysfunction within the neutral zone of the motion segment. The loosening of the motion segment secondary to injury and associated dysfunction of the local muscle system renders it biomechanically vulnerable in the neutral zone. There in evidence of muscle dysfunction related to the control of the movement system. There is a clear link between reduced proprioceptive input, altered slow motor unit recruitment and the development of chronic pain states. Dysfunction in the global and local muscle systems in presented to support the development of a system of classification of muscle function and development of dysfunction related to musculoskeletal pain. The global muscles control range of movement and alignment, and evidence of dysfunction is presented in terms of imbalance in recruitment and length between the global stability muscles and the global mobility muscles. The local stability muscles demonstrate evidence of failure of aeequate segmental control in terms of allowing excessive uncontrolled translation or specific loss of cross-sectional area at the site of pathology Motor recruitment deficits present as altered timing and patterns of recruitment. The evidence of local and global dysfunction allows the development of an integrated model of movement dysfunction. The clinical diagnosis of this chronic low back pain condition is based on the report of pain and the observation of movement dysfunction within the neutral zone and the associated finding of excessive intervertebral motion at the symptomatic level. Four different clinical patterns are described based on the directional nature of the injury and the manifestation of the patient's symptoms and motor dysfunction. A specific stabilizing exercise intervention based on a motor learning model in proposed and evidence for the efficacy of the approach provided.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.234-240
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• 2007

이 연구는 철봉 몸굽혀 휘돌기 동작의 최적 모델을 구축하는 것이다. 연구 대상자는 국가대표 남자체조선수(나이 18세, 신장 153cm, 질량 48kg) 1명을 선정하였고, K대학교 체조장에 기 설치된 Spieth사의 철봉을 이용하여 실험하였다. 먼저 대상자에게 연구의 목적과 주의 사항을 주지시키고 사전 서면동의를 받은 후 실험을 실시하였다. 인체를 2분절로 모형화한 몸 굽혀 휘돌기 동작의 영상분석을 위하여 Qualisys사의 카메라(MCU-240) 6대와 소프트웨어인 QTM(Qualisys Track Mannager)을 사용하였다. 이 동작을 이중진자(HAT/total leg)로 모형화하고 라그랑지 운동방정식의 파라메터에 실험에서 획득한 수치를 입력하여 시뮬레이션하였다. 데이터 처리와 모델(미분 연립 방정식)의 해는 Mathematicas5.0으로 프로그래밍하여 구하였다. 분석변인에 대한 모델치와 실험치의 비교 결과는 첫째, 철봉의 최대변위는 모델치(약 0.18 m)가 실험치(약 0.16 m)보다 약 0.02m 더 크게 나타났다. 둘째, 분절1(HAT)의 각변위 패턴은 모두 증가곡선을 보였으나 변곡점의 차이가 나타났다. 셋째, 분절2(total leg)의 각변위 패턴은 전반적으로 유사하게 나타났으나 최대 각은 약 $4^{\circ}$ 차이를 보였다. 결론적으로 실험치와 일치하는 최적모델을 도출하지는 못하였지만 라그랑지 모델을 통한 시뮬레이션의 가능성을 제시하였다. 향후 제한된 2분절 모형을 3, 4분절 모델로 확장하고 생체물성(근골격계)을 정확하게 표현하는 물리적 도구를 개발하는 연구와 인체시스템을 근골격계와 근신경계을 통합한 모델구축이 이루어져야 하겠다.