• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2005

Loud click or tone burst sound can activate vestibular receptor and evoke reflex changes in tonic electromyographic activity within the stenocleidomastoid muscles. This reflex is assumed to originate in the saccule, the afferent pathways being the inferior vestibular nerve, and the efferent pathways the vestibulospinal tract. Averaging these muscular responses allows vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (VEMP) to be obtained. The earliest response ipsilateral to a loud click, p13n23, is dependent upon vestibular activation, specifically saccular afferents. These new techniques are beginning to be applied clinically in the patient of vestibular neuritis, Meniere's disease, acoustic neuromas, Tullio phenomenon, etc. VEMP recording will provide both a straightforward non-invasive exploration of each vestibule independently and an attractive method by which to explore otolithic receptors and vestibulospinal pathways.

• Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Sports Medicine
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.15-21
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• 2004

Golf has become an increasingly a popular sports for young and older ages. It has benefits of walking exercise and enjoyment of sports . However, golf is considered to be a moderate risk activity for sports injury due to traumatic origin and overuse. Golf injuries primarily affect the dorsolumbar sites , upper extremity(elbow, shoulder, wrist) and lower extremity (knee, hip, ankle). Ajustment of golf swing and conditioning programmes for preventing injuries which include muscular strengthening, flexibility and a short pregame warm up help to reduce the incidence of injury.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.19-24
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• 1984

As in dynamic muscular activity, to support one's body may be regarded as the static workload. An examination is made of the relationship between heart rate and oxygen uptake of three male graduate students in static working postures (sitting, squatting and standing). Though it has been believed that there exists a linear relationship between heart rate and oxygen uptake, this thesis shows that both have no relationship in the case of static postures, and that they may depend upon the characteristics of postures rather than the static workload. These results are discussed analytically. The additivity between static body postures and holding up one's hands at his maximum height is tested. Compared with the sum of energy expenditure in balancing one's body and holding up hands, the net rate of energy expenditure in performing them simultaneously is equivalent. In the case of static postures, the importance of the awareness of the characteristics and relevance of the measures is discussed.

• BMB Reports
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.3-4
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• 2018

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a debilitating disorder resulting from loss of dopamine neurons. In dopamine deficient state, the basal ganglia increases inhibitory synaptic outputs to the thalamus. This increased inhibition by the basal ganglia output is known to reduce firing rate of thalamic neurons that relay motor signals to the motor cortex. This 'rate model' suggests that the reduced excitability of thalamic neurons is the key for inducing motor abnormalities in PD patients. We reveal that in response to inhibition, thalamic neurons generate rebound firing at the end of inhibition. This rebound firing increases motor cortical activity and induces muscular responses that triggers Parkinsonian motor dysfunction. Genetic and optogenetic intervention of the rebound firing prevent motor dysfunction in a mouse model of PD. Our results suggest that inhibitory synaptic mechanism mediates motor dysfunction by generating rebound excitability in the thalamocortical pathway.

• Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Sports Medicine
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.100-106
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• 2004

Thigh injuries are relatively uncommon sports injuries. But the incidence is increasing as many kinds of sports activity develops. And the prompt recognition and treatment of these injuries are critical to prevent prolonged disability. Also, despite the simple anatomic structure of the thigh, this region is finely tuned muscular mechanism with both anterior and posterior muscles crossing two joints. So the contracture of thigh muscle can result in not only decreased range of motion of the knee and hip joint, but also painful lumbar spine. So we reviewed recent literatures about the type of thigh injuries, diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.145-156
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• 2019

Purpose: This study suggests clinical reasoning strategies for therapists with little experience in clinical reasoning for the evaluation and treatment of patients with neurological disorders. Methods: The suggested method was the mnemonic PT STRESS whose initials represent the body structure and functions that can affect the activity limits and the items that can cause problems at the functional level in patients with neurological disorders. Results: PT STRESS stands for pain (P), ability of the trunk (T), sensation (S), tone (T), range of motion (R), emotion and endurance (E), muscular strength (strength), and stability (S). It tests and measures problems in the body structure and functions. Conclusion: This study suggests easy clinical reasoning strategies that can be used by therapists who have insufficient experience in the evaluation or treatment of patients with neurological disorders. However, more factors need to be considered in the future with regard to clinical reasoning of the diverse problems of patients with neurological disorders.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.80-86
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• 2016

Background: Prone hip extension (PHE) can be performed to measure the lumbopelvic motor patterns and motions. Imbalances in lumbopelvic muscle activity and muscle weakness can result in instability including pain in lumbopelvic region. The posterior oblique sling (POS) muscles contribute to dynamic lumbopelvic stability. In addition, POS are anatomically aligned with the trapezius muscle group according to shoulder positions. Objects: This study compared the electromyography (EMG) activity of POS and pelvic compensations during PHE with and without pre-activation of lower trapezius muscle (lowT). Methods: Sixteen healthy males were recruited. PHE was performed in randomized order: PHE with and without lowT pre-activation. Surface EMG signals were recorded for biceps femoris (BF), gluteus maximus (GM) (ipsilateral), lumbar multifidus (MF) (bilateral), and the lowT (contralateral). An electromagnetic tracking motion analysis was used to measure the angle of pelvic rotation and anterior tilting. Results: The ipsilateral GM and bilateral MF EMG amplitudes were greater during PHE with lowT pre-activation compared to PHE without lowT pre-activation (p<.05). The BF amplitude during PHE without lowT pre-activation was significantly greater than that during PHE with lowT pre-activation (p<.05). The angles of pelvic rotation and anterior tilting during PHE with lowT pre-activation were significantly smaller compared to PHE without lowT pre-activation (p<.05). Conclusion: PHE with lowT pre-activation, which is aligned with the POS, showed more increased MF and GM muscular activity with smaller lumbopelvic compensations in rotation and anterior tilting compared to PHE without lowT pre-activation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.65-70
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• 2016

PURPOSE: This study aimed to compare the electromyography (EMG) activity for the middle deltoid (MD) and upper trapezius (UT) muscles in various shoulder abduction angles in patients with adhesive capsulitis (AC). METHODS: A total of 15 subjects participated in the study: 6 without AC (control group) and 9 with AC (AC group). The muscle activities of the UT and MD were measured using EMG during maximal static shoulder abductions in both groups. Each subject performed three repetitions of horizontal abduction at $0^{\circ}$, $30^{\circ}$, $60^{\circ}$, and $90^{\circ}$ of the shoulder abduction angle in a sitting position. The measurement data from the middle 3-seconds of the 5-second periods were used. The mean value of three separate sets of measurements was used in the data analysis. For each muscle, independent t-tests were performed to determine group differences. A measured repeated-measures ANOVA was performed using Bonferroni's post-hoc test. RESULTS: The muscle activity of the UT was significantly greater in the AC group; than in the control group (p<.05). The muscle activity of the MD was significantly lower in the AC group; than in the control group (p<.05). The greatest level of muscle activity for both the MD and UT was demonstrated at the $0-60^{\circ}$ and $0-90^{\circ}$ of shoulder abduction angles in the AC group. CONCLUSION: These findings showed that low muscle activation of the MD may contribute to hyperactivity of the UT during shoulder abduction in AC patients.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.127-132
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• 2020

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the impact of resistance on the muscle activities of the long and short heads of the biceps brachii, according to the elbow angle in supination, and the difference in muscle activity between the long and the short heads. Methods: This study was conducted with 22 men in their 20s who voluntarily agreed to participate. With the glenohumeral joint neutral in a position of supination, the elbow angle was randomly moved to 0°, 30°, 60°, and 90°. Using an 8-channel surface EMG while the participants held a 2-kg. dumbbell, the muscle activities of the long and the short heads of the biceps brachii were measured. The measured data were statistically processed using SPSS for Windows 12.0. For the activities of the short and the long heads according to the angle, a one-way ANOVA was conducted, and subsequently, to check the results of an analysis of the difference between groups, an LSD post-hoc test was conducted. An independent t-test was used to compare the activities of the long head and the short head according to the angles. Results: The analysis of the impact of the load of the dumbbell at each elbow angle on the muscle activities of the long and short heads of the biceps brachii revealed significant differences in both heads (p < 0.05). The result of the post-hoc analysis showed significant differences in both heads at angles between 0° and 30°, between 0° and 60°, and between 0° and 90°. Analysis of the impact of the load of the dumbbell in supination on the muscle activities of the long and short heads showed a significant difference at the angle between 0° and 30° (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The long head of the biceps brachii mainly acts in supination; however, in supination at elbow-bending angles of 60° and 90°, there was no difference in muscle activity between the short head and the long head.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.337-344
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• 2019

The purpose of this study men and women 20 to 30 of 16 patients wearing thick insoles 5cm before and after squat exercise based on the angle of the knee joint(0-, 60-, 90-degree) was to observe the muscle activities. For this through the analysis of the rectus femoris EMG, vatus medialis vatus lateralis, tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius MVIC were quantified using. The results following results were obtained. After wearing the thick insole standing position(0') had increased EMG activity of vastus lateralis muscle, the knee angle is rectus femoris, vatus medialis, vastus lateralis, tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius muscles were increased muscle activity. thick insole of the ankle joint, causing plantar flexion forward weight distritbution by focusing is normally the body would lead to an array. When an array of everyday life, these abnormalities increases energy consumption, and muscle fatigue, increase will cause an imbalance in the muscles. Therefore, wearing thick insoles by changing the activity of the muscles may cause knee pain.