• The Korean Journal of Pain
• /
• v.29 no.4
• /
• pp.270-273
• /
• 2016

Muscular hypertrophy is caused mainly due to myopathic disorder. But, it is also rarely produced by neurogenic disorder. A 74-year-old woman complained of right calf pain with hypertrophy for several years. Recent lumbar spine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed central and lateral canal narrowing at the L4-L5 intervertebral space. Lower extremity MRI revealed fatty change of right medial head of the gastrocnemius and soleus, causing right calf hypertrophy. Electrodiagnostic examinations including electromyography and nerve conduction velocity testing demonstrated $5^{th}$ lumbar and $1^{st}$ sacral polyradiculopathy. Integrating all the results, the diagnosis was neurogenic muscle hypertrophy. Neurogenic muscle hypertrophy is very rare, but we recommend that clinicians consider this problem when a patient complains of lower limb hypertrophy and pain.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
• /
• v.24 no.6
• /
• pp.278-283
• /
• 2023

The initial instance of isolated unilateral temporalis muscle hypertrophy (IUTMH) was reported in 1990. Since then, only few cases have been documented. The cause of this condition remains ambiguous; however, it is presumed to be linked to compensatory and stress-induced hypertrophy. We introduce a rare case of the diagnosis and treatment of IUTMH. A 39-year-old woman presented with a steadily enlarging pain-free swelling on the left side of her face, first noticed a month ago. Apart from a hyperthyroidism medication regimen her medical history was unremarkable. She had no history of temporomandibular joint disease, bruxism, surgery, or trauma. However, she complained of having been under substantial stress lately. Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging revealed asymmetric temporalis muscle hypertrophy. The treatment plan consisted of administering type A botulinum toxin injections into left temporalis muscle, supplemented by lifestyle changes and relaxation techniques. At a follow-up visit 9 months after the injections, the muscle contour was normalized both in physical and in radiologic examinations. While further supportive evidence is needed, it can be anticipated that cosmetic treatment with botulinum toxin, rather than surgical interventions, will become the standard treatment of IUTMH.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
• /
• v.30 no.5
• /
• pp.473-479
• /
• 2008

Asians tend to have prominent mandibular angle. The causes of wide lower third of the facial contour are obtuse mandibular angle and hypertrophy of masseter muscles. In cases of hypertrophy of masseter muscles, conventional treatment intends to the contraction of masseter muscle. Recently, volumetric reduction of masseter muscles using botulinum toxin type A injection and radiofrequency (RF) reduction have been introduced. The use of RF energy for masseter muscle reduction is known as a safe, simple, and effective method for aesthetic lower facial contouring. The purpose of this study is to present the effects of RF reduction applied to hypertrophy of masseter muscles, to review and to encourage RF practices in oral and maxillofacial region.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
• /
• v.5 no.1
• /
• pp.33-40
• /
• 2001

The aim of present study was to define the cellular mechanisms underlying changes in delayed rectifier $K^+\;(K_{DR})$ channel function in isoproterenol-induced hypertrophy. It has been proposed that $K_{DR}$ channels play a role in regulation of vascular tone by limiting membrane depolarization in arterial smooth muscle cells. The alterations of the properties of coronary $K_{DR}$ channels have not been studied as a possible mechanism for impaired coronary reserve in cardiac hypertrophy. The present study was carried out to compare the properties of coronary $K_{DR}$ channels in normal and hypertrophied hearts. These channels were measured from rabbit coronary smooth muscle cells using a patch clamp technique. The main findings of the study are as follows: (1) the $K_{DR}$ current density was decreased without changes of the channel kinetics in isoproterenol-induced hypertrophy; (2) the sensitivity of coronary $K_{DR}$ channels to 4-AP was increased in isoproterenol-induced hypertrophy. From the above results, we suggest for the first time that the alteration of $K_{DR}$ channels may limit vasodilating responses to several stimuli and may be involved in impaired coronary reserve in isoproterenol-induced hypertrophy.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
• /
• v.5 no.2
• /
• pp.147-156
• /
• 2001

It has been proposed that $Ca^{2+}-activated$ K $(K_{Ca})$ channels play an essential role in vascular tone. The alterations of the properties of coronary $K_{Ca}$ channels have not been studied as a possible mechanism for impaired coronary reserve in cardiac hypertrophy. The present studies were carried out to determine the properties of coronary $K_{Ca}$ channels in normal and hypertrophied hearts. These channels were measured from rabbit coronary smooth muscle cells using a patch clamp technique. The main findings of the present study are as follows: (1) the unitary current amplitudes and the slope conductance of coronary $K_{Ca}$ channels were decreased without changes of the channel kinetics in isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy; (2) the sensitivity of coronary $K_{Ca}$ channels to the changes of intracellular concentration of $Ca^{2+}$ was reduced in isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy. From above results, we suggest for the first time that the alteration of $K_{Ca}$ channels are involved in impaired coronary reserve in isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
• /
• v.21 no.2
• /
• pp.215-219
• /
• 1999

This article discusses the diagnosis, anatomic consideration, and surgical management of masseter muscle hypertrophy. Surgical correction is advised for patients who have esthetic complaints. Esthetic improvement can be achieved by surgery and not by conservative treatment. Recently, the intraoral method, which leaves no scar on the face and minimizes the possibility of injury to the marginal branch of the facial nerve, has been supported by many surgeons. Patients who complained of marked swelling of unilateral or bilateral mandibular angle area and showed abnormal bony growth at the mandibular angle area and enlarged masseter muscle received mandibular angle shaving and excision of the inner layer of masseter muscle with intraoral approach. After operation, physiotherapy was done with EAST(eletrical acupuncture stimulation therapy) for encouraging the mouth opening and reducing the swelling. They showed early maximum mouth opening and reduction of swelling.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.1 no.4
• /
• pp.223-232
• /
• 1988

Fifty-two wether lambs weighing 30 kg were randomly assigned to 5 treatment groups; 1) initial slaughter. 2) control-maintenance (CON-MT), 3) control-ad libitum (CON-AL), 4) cimaterol-maintenance (CIM-MT) and 5) cimaterol-ad libitum (CIM-AL). Ad libitum-fed animals had free access of a high-concentrate diet, whereas maintenance animals were restricted in feed intake to maintain the initial weight of 30 kg for 90 days. Cimaterol was administered in the feed at 10 mg/kg. Regardless of feeding level, the administration of CIM improved carcass weight (p < .05), dressing % (p < .01), longissimus muscle area (p < .01), leg conformation and muscling (p < .01), USDA yield and quality grades (p < .01) and protein concentration (p < .01) in carcass as well as in muscle. Cimaterol feeding decreased organ wt (p < .01), baekfat depth (p < .01), intramuscular fat and overall fatness. Cimaterol was effective for muscle accretion even under restricted feeding condition. The greater accretion of muscle was the result of the hypertrophy of both type I and type II muscle fibers but the hypertrophy of type II fiber (110%) was much greater than that of type I fiber (37%). Cimaterol feeding decreased muscle DNA concentrations but the number of nuclei per muscle fiber was not changed, indicating that the lower DNA concentration was due to the dilution effect caused by the hypertrophy of muscle fiber. As evidenced by lower flank streaking, lower marbling and darker muscle, CIM feeding adversely affected meat quality. Meat tenderness was also adversely affected, resulting in significantly (p H .01) tougher meat in CIM-fed animals.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
• /
• v.38 no.2
• /
• pp.173-181
• /
• 2011

Purpose: Masseter muscle is an important muscle of mastication. Because it has a great influence on the shape of low facial contour, patients who have masseteric hypertrophy show square-shaped jaw appearance. As aesthetic procedures for the reduction of the masseter muscle volume, radiofrequency ablation or botulinum toxin injection is at the center of attention. Authors studied the anatomical measurement of the thickness and width of masseter muscle and the surface mapping of the maximal thickness point using computed tomography (CT) scan to identify the useful guide for the injection of botulinum toxin in masseteric hypertrophy patients. Methods: We analyzed 2 mm-thickness OMU (ostiomeatal unit) CT of 112 normal people (224 masseter muscles) taken from June 2009 to May 2010. First, we measured the thickness, width and depth of the masseter muscle from the skin surface and analysed each by side, sex and age, respectively. The distribution of the thickness of the muscle and the correlation of thickness and width of the muscle were studied also. Second, we underwent surface mapping of the maximal thickness point using CT analysis by means of checking the vertical and horizontal distance from the angle of the mandible. Results: The average thickness and width of the masseter muscle was 17.73 mm and 40.78 mm in the male patients and were 14.33 mm and 37.42 mm in the female patients. Statistically, both figures of the male patients were larger than those of the female patients. However, the depth of the muscle from the skin surface in female patients (7.37 mm) was larger than that of the male patients (6.15 mm). There were no statistical difference in side or age. The width and thickness of the masseter muscle were in the positive correlation. The location of maximal thickness point of the masseter muscle was 27.77 mm vertically and 27.68 mm horizontally in the male patients, and 25.19 mm vertically and 25.42 mm horizontally in the female patients from the angle of mandible. Conclusion: We were able to present statistical evidence of the diagnosis and treatment of the masseteric hypertrophy regarding the anatomical measurements such as the thickness and width. And the maximal thickness point of the masseter muscle may be a useful guide for the clinical procedures of botulinum toxin injection.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
• /
• v.19 no.3
• /
• pp.191-196
• /
• 2015

Attenuated functional exercise capacity in elderly and diseased populations is a common problem, and stems primarily from physical inactivity. Decreased function and exercise capacity can be restored by maintaining muscular strength and mass, which are key factors in an independent and healthy life. Resistance exercise has been used to prevent muscle loss and improve muscular strength and mass. However, the intensities necessary for traditional resistance training to increase muscular strength and mass may be contraindicated for some at risk populations, such as diseased populations and the elderly. Therefore, an alternative exercise modality is required. Recently, blood flow restriction (BFR) with low intensity resistance exercise (LIRE) has been used for such special populations to improve their function and exercise capacity. Although BFR+LIRE has been intensively studied for a decade, a comprehensive review detailing the effects of BFR+LIRE on both skeletal muscle and vascular function is not available. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to discuss previous studies documenting the effects of BFR+LIRE on hormonal and transcriptional factors in muscle hypertrophy and vascular function, including changes in hemodynamics, and endothelial function.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.125-130
• /
• 1999

Congenital myotonia is a hereditary disorder of the skeletal muscle. The most characteristic features of the disease are myotonia and variable muscular hypertrophy. Molecular biologic investigations have revealed that mutations in the gene of the human skeletal muscle chloride ion channel protein are a cause of the disease. The Becker's type congenial myotonia is clinically similar to the autosomal dominantly inherited congenital myotonia (Thomsen's disease). Both disorders are characterized electrophysiologically by increased excitability of muscle fibers. reflected in clinical myotonia. In general, Becker's type congenital myotonia is more severe than Thomsen's disease in muscular hypertrophy and weakness. The authors recently experienced a 25-year-old female patient who has no family-related disease history and who has conspicuous muscular hypertrophy and the stiffness with muscles which occurred from the age of 3 or 4. Clinically she showed the authors a percussion myotonia. On electrophysiological study, exercise and repetitive stimulation of the abductor digiti quinti muscle disclosed a decline in the compound muscle action potential. Biopsy of biceps muscle revealed enlargement of muscle fibers with marked nuclear internalization. After the oral taking the Mexiletine, the patient showed a favorable turn a little with her stiffness of muscles. So we authors are reporting one case of Becker's type congenital myotonia with review of literatures.