• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.18 no.11
• /
• pp.1594-1599
• /
• 2005

The effects of long-term feeding of diets based on bermudagrass hay supplemented with lucerne hay cube (LH) or fermented bagasse feed (FBF) on the growth rate, feed efficiency, behaviour, gut development, carcass characteristics and meat quality of goats were investigated. Six spring-born 8-month-old male crossbred (Japanese Saanen${\times}$Tokara native goats) bucks weighing mean 21.6 kg were allotted to 2 treatment groups (3 animals each) and each animal had ad libitum access to feeds, i.e. bermudagrass hay (basal diet)+LH or FBF throughout the experiment. The FBF was produced by the solid-state fermentation of substrates containing dried sugarcane bagasse mixed with wheat bran in a ratio of 1:3 (w/w DM) with Aspergillus sojae. The live body weight, final weight and average daily gain were not different between treatments. Average basal diet intake of goats fed FBF diet was significantly higher than that fed LH diet (p<0.05), but average dry matter intake (DMI; g/day and g/$W^{0.75}$), feed conversion ratio, digestible crude protein (DCP) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) intake of experimental diets were not significantly different between treatments. Goats fed on LH and FBF diets had similar eating, rumination, resting and drinking behaviours, and blood constituents except for phosphorus content. Slaughter and carcass weights, net meat percentage [(total meat/carcass weight)${\times}$100], loin ratio [(loin/total meat)${\times}$100] and rib-eye area were not different between treatments. However, goats fed FBF diet had lower dressing percentage and higher bone/muscle ratio compared with goats fed LH diet (p<0.01). Empty gut and guts fill of goats fed FBF diet were significantly greater (p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively) than those fed LH diet. The weights of rumen and abomasum were also significantly heavier in goats fed FBF diet (p<0.05), but the length and density of papillae of rumen in goats were not different between treatments. Although meat composition of loin was not different in both groups, the meat of goats fed FBF diet was superior to that of LH diet in flavor, aroma and overall quality of loin (p<0.01). In conclusion, the nature of the diet consumed voluntarily did not affect subsequent growth, nutrient intake and behaviour of goats but had an influence on carcass traits and sensory evaluation of meat partly, when either of LH or FBF was fed with bermudagrass hay.

• Journal of Aquaculture
• /
• v.21 no.2
• /
• pp.102-106
• /
• 2008

This study was conducted to evaluate extruded pellets(EP) for the growth of sub-adult flounder Paralichthys olivaceus by comparing with raw fish-based moist pellet(MP). Two replicate groups of 150 fish per each tank(initial mean weight $594{\pm}6.5g$) were fed one of two EPs(EP1 and EP2) and a MP for 32 weeks. Survival was not significantly affected by experimental diets. Final mean weight of fish fed the EP1 was not significantly different from that of fish fed the MP, but that of fish fed EP2 was significantly lower than that of fish fed EP1 and MP (P<0.05). Feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio of fish fed the EP1 and EP2 were significantly higher than those of fish fed MP(P<0.05). Daily feed intake of fish fed the EPs was significantly lower than that of fish fed MP(P<0.05). Condition factor was not significantly different among all groups. The contents of moisture, crude protein and lipid in dorsal muscle were significantly affected by experimental diets(P<0.05). Based on the results of this study, the dietary formulations used in EP1 and EP2 could be applied in the practical extruded pellet feeds for sub-adult flounder(594-1,126 g).

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
• /
• v.19 no.3
• /
• pp.283-289
• /
• 2015

This study surveys the improvement characteristics in old-aged muscular mitochondria by bio-active materials coated fabric (BMCF). To observe the effects, the fabric (10 and 30%) was worn to old-aged rat then the oxygen consumption efficiency and copy numbers of mitochondria, and mRNA expression of apoptosis- and mitophagy-related genes were verified. By wearing the BMCF, the oxidative respiration significantly increased when using the 30% materials coated fabric. The mitochondrial DNA copy number significantly decreased and subsequently recovered in a dose-dependent manner. The respiratory control ratio to mitochondrial DNA copy number showed a dose-dependent increment. As times passed, Bax, caspase 9, PGC-$1{\alpha}$ and ${\beta}$-actin increased, and Bcl-2 decreased in a dose-dependent manner. However, the BMCF can be seen to have had no effect on Fas receptor. PINK1 expression did not change considerably and was inclined to decrease in control group, but the expression was down-regulated then subsequently increased with the use of the BMCF in a dose-dependent manner. Caspase 3 increased and subsequently decreased in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that the BMCF invigorates mitophagy and improves mitochondrial oxidative respiration in skeletal muscle, and in early stage of apoptosis induced by the BMCF is not related to extrinsic death-receptor mediated but mitochondria-mediated signaling pathway.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.32 no.2
• /
• pp.198-203
• /
• 1999

Gonadal development and reproductive cycle off Gomphina melanaegis collected in the coastal waters of Chumunjin, Korea were investigated monthly from April 1996 to April 1997. G. melanaegis was dioecious, The gonads were located between the digestive diverticula and muscle tissues of the foot, The ovary was composed of a number of ovarian sacs, and the testis was composed of several testicular tubules. The flesh weight rate was reached the maximum in August ($23.0\%$), and then decreased to $19.8\%$ in September. In March, the value was reached the minimum ($17.8\%$) and then increased, The size of mature oocyte was ranged $50\~60\mu$m in diameter and had a germinal vesicle with a nucleolus. Mature oocyte contained a large number of yolk granules and lipid granules in its cytoplasm. The spermatozoon was consisted of a conical nucleus with acrosome, a middle piece containing four mitochondria and proximal and distal centrioles, and a flagellum, Sex ratio (male/female) and minimum size for sexual maturation of G. melanaegis were 0.79 and about 25 mm in shell length, respectively. The reproductive cycle could be classified into five succesive stages: multiplicative (December to March), growing (April and May), mature(June), sprawning (July and August), and degenerative and resting (September to November) stages.

• Journal of Aquaculture
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.140-146
• /
• 2006

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary oxidized oil and ${\alpha}$-tocopherol level on growth and body composition of juvenile flounder. To prepare oxidized diets, squid liver oil was oxidized by aeration at $25^{\circ}C$ for 30 days. The six diets were prepared to contain 6% fresh or oxidized squid liver oil as the lipid sources in combination with three levels of ${\alpha}$-tocopheryl acetate at 0, 80 and 800 mg/kg diet. Triplicate groups of fish ($3.9{\pm}0.1$) were fed to apparent satiation twice a day for 8 weeks. Survival was not significantly different among treatments. Weight gain, feed efficiency, daily feed intake, protein efficiency ratio and condition factor of fish fed the fresh oil diets were significantly higher than those of fish fed the oxidized oil diets (P<0.05). The increase of the vitamin E level in diets did not result in any significant improvement on growth performance of fish fed both oil diets. The vitamin E content of the liver and dorsal muscle increased with increasing dietary vitamin E level at both oil diet groups. A decreasing trend in vitamin E content of the tissues was observed in fish fed the oxidized oil diets at the same dietary vitamin E level. Significantly higher moisture content and lower crude lipid content were observed in the whole body of fish fed the oxidized oil diets than fish fed the fresh oil diets (P<0.05). Dietary lipid source affected the fatty acid content of the whole body; higher contents of saturated and monoenoic fatty acids, and lower n-3 HUFA contents such as 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 were observed in fish fed the oxidized oil diets than those of fish fed fresh oil diets. The results of this study suggest that the dietary oxidized oil may impair the growth performance, and an increase in ${\alpha}$-tocopheryl acetate supplementation have no beneficial effect on growth and feed efficiency of juvenile flounder.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.44 no.2
• /
• pp.141-148
• /
• 2011

This feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary inclusion of various additives on growth performance, hematological parameters, fatty acid composition, gene expression and histopathological changes in juvenile olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Eleven isonitrogenous (49% crude protein) and isolipidic (10% crude lipid) experimental diets were formulated: no additives (Con); 5% kelp meal (Ke); 10% krill meal (Kr); 1% garlic powder (Ga); 1% citrus meal (Ci); 3% onion powder (On); 1% ginger powder (Gi); 1% mugwort powder (Mu); 1% licorice powder (Li); 1% wasabi powder (Wa); and a mixture (Mix) of these additives. Three replicate groups of juvenile flounder (average weight of 8.5 g) were fed one of the experimental diets to visual satiety twice a day for 15 weeks. The dietary inclusion of additives did not affect survival, weight gain, specific growth rate feed efficiency, daily feed intake, daily protein intake, protein efficiency ratio, hepatosomatic index and visceralsomatic index of the fish. Plasma triglyceride levels were significantly lower in fish fed the Ke, Ga, On, Gi, Mu, Li, and Mix diets than in fish fed the control diet. Plasma glucose, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and total cholesterol did not differ among dietary treatments. No significant difference was observed in fatty acid composition and lipid content of the dorsal muscle in fish fed the experimental diets. Myosin gene expression did not differ significantly among treatments after 5 weeks but was significantly lower in fish fed the Kr, Ci, Li, and Mix diets than in control group after 15 weeks. Histopathological analysis showed mild gill hyperplasia and mild necrosis of liver parenchymal cells in several individuals of each experimental group. These conditions were also observed in the control group and were not thought to be related to the inclusion of feed additives. The present findings indicate that the dietary inclusion of additives did not affect growth performance, fatty acid composition, gene expression, and histopathological changes in juvenile flounder. However, plasma triglyceride content may be reduced by supplementation with 5% kelp meal, 3% onion powder, 1% garlic powder, 1% ginger powder, 1% mugwort powder, and the additive mixture.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
• /
• v.31 no.2
• /
• pp.137-142
• /
• 2005

To analyze the developmental changes in soma diameters of digastric motoneurons, wheat-germ agglutinin conjugated horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) was injected into the digastric muscle and visualized the retrogradely HRP-labeled motoneurons through tungstate/tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) and following diaminobenzidine (DAB) reactions. The results obtained from Sprague-Dawley rats at postnatal days 1 (P1), 10 (P10) and 30 (P30) indicated as follows: firstly, soma diameters of digastric motoneurons showed unimodal distribution in all postnatal days examined; secondly, the period of P1 to P10 (period 1) showed about 2 times faster growth rate than that of P10 to P30 (period 2); thirdly, the smallest soma examined in each postnatal day exhibited slower growth rate with that of the largest one (increase ratio in soma diameters from P1 to P30, smallest vs. largest = 1.62 : 1.93); Finally, relative growth rates a day showed again that period 1 had faster growth rate than that of period 2. Consequently, developmental changes in soma diameters of digastric motoneurons resulted in very different growth rates between both periods. This implies that the growth of the soma is almost completing within P10 and thereafter growing slowly. The period 1 and 2 are corresponding to sucking and sucking/masticatory period, respectively. Therefore present study providing morphological changes in soma diameters of digastric motoneurons suggests that both periods and their different growth rates of the motoneurons in each period may closely be related with each other.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
• /
• v.48 no.3
• /
• pp.269-274
• /
• 2016

The tendency of students to become adults in the future to improve the country's public health policy and to determine the socio-economic development of the research is very important. The objectives of this study were to examine the changes in body weight, body mass index (BMI), body composition, and complete blood cell count in a group of male and female university students. Among the body compositions, height, weight, BMI, muscle volume, basal metabolic rate, red blood cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit showed a correlation between the amount shown both had statistical significance (p<0.01). In particular, platelets showed a rather different result from fat and body fat percentage, and were positively correlated with waist-hip ratio points (p<0.01). This study may be useful as it provides the basic data necessary for students of healthcare. Therefore, developing a sustainable management system of healthcare on a national level for university students is very important.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Clinical Electrophysiology
• /
• v.5 no.2
• /
• pp.35-45
• /
• 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine spiral way movement of a trunk exerts on the movement ability. The details established to achieve for this article. This examination confirmed the weight, weight/height2 index, ratio of lumbar to pelvic, musculoskeletal quantity, push up for 2 minute, pitch a ball and voluntary isometric contraction with flexion and extension of knee joint of the subjects with spiral direct movement. Healthy eighteen subjects who understand fully the significance of procedure, consented to a plan, without neuromuscular disease were participated in two groups of experiment. The group were a spiral movement(9), rectilinear movement(9). Trunk movement tested 2 sessions of a spiral movement and rectilinear movement with a push up for 2 minute, 5days per a week, for the 4 weeks. This experiment tested 3 times with a sufficient rest for fatigue limitation. An analysis of the results used a paired samples t-test for difference from before and after experiment. The following results were obtained; At an internal change of the body, the musculoskeletal quantity was increased significantly to spiral movement group, but the weight was increased significantly, the musculoskeletal quantity was not significant to rectilinear movement. The movement ability evaluation for a external change was increased significantly in a push up for 2 minute, pitch a ball, isometric contraction with extension of knee joint of a spiral movement group, but a push up for 2 minute was increased significantly in a push up for 2 minute on the abdominal muscle training of a rectilinear movement group. As compared with a rectilinear movement, a spiral movement was more effect by cooperation with nerve and musculoskeletal system and an increase in movement ability was caused by learning acknowledgment, muscular reeducation. These results lead us to the conclusion that a spiral movement of trunk was more effect than a rectilinear movement, the coordination of nerve and musculoskeletal system was of importance of Multi-direction movement. Therefore, A further studies concerning the therapeutic exercise intervention and active-dynamic analysis could enhance the development of the most effect on the trunk.

• Development and Reproduction
• /
• v.14 no.4
• /
• pp.261-268
• /
• 2010

As in the O. mykiss electrophoretic profiles of RNA, the signals of each RNA sample from 9 individual tissues such as liver, muscle, brain, heart, pituitary gland, kidney, intestine, spleen and gill similar to positive control were obtained. The tissue distributions of the complimentary DNA (cDNA) of O. mykiss four genes were analyzed using quantitative real-time PCR with primer sets for tissue expression analysis. In this rainbow trout species, author obtained bands of various sizes, ranged from 700 bp to 1,400 bp. A dissociation curve was made at the end of each run to make sure that there was no non-specific amplification. Supplementarily, the Ct of each DNA was compared. The Ct values of vinculin with rainbow trout tissues were determined in a manner similar to those for agouti-related protein (AgRP) and melanocortin receptors (MC4R I and MC4R II). Further, obtained Cts for standard curve of each DNA were affected by specific product (vinculin, AgRP and MC4R II genes). After several experiments with four individual genes of rainbow trout, author estimated a variation ratio of the mean Ct value of the DNA extracted using the comparative CTt method was 37.27, and the standard deviation was 5.33. The correlation coefficient between the Ct values and the concentration of cDNA was -0.98, -0.99, -0.91 and -0.86, respectively (vinculin, AgRP, MC4R I and MC4R II genes). Since this correlation showed high linearity, the straight line obtained was used as a standard for the O. mykiss tissues reared in aquarium. A PCR efficiency of 100% is ideally achieved when the slopes are close to the theoretical value of -3.31. According to quantification method, the results of quantification are strongly affected by the DNA fragmentation. The size of most DNA fragments obtained from various tissues of rainbow trout used in the experiment was approximately 100 bp. According to the four slopes, an efficiency of nearly 100% was estimated for four genes detection methods. Additionally, further analysis with more individuals and primers will be required to fully establish optimization in rainbow trout.