• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.133-138
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• 2005

Objectives: Narcolepsy is characterized by excessive sleepiness, cataplexy, sleep paralysis and hypnagogic hallucination. As there have been few researches on narcolepsy symptomatology in adolescents, we examined gender differences and prevalence of narcolepsy tetrad among students attending high school. Methods: Total 20,407 subjects, ages 14-19 years filled out Ullanlinna Narcolepsy Scale (UNS). Subjects whose UNS scores were equal to or more than 14 were interviewed by telephone using semi-structured questionnaire. Variables included questions to evaluate tetrad of narcolepsy. Results: UNS scores were higher in female than male ($11.1{\pm}5.2$ vs. $9.6{\pm}4.5$, p<0.001). Subjects scoring the UNS equal to or more than 14 were 4,535 (22.2% of all the participants), more frequently observed in female than in male (p<0.001). Excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy-like symptoms, sleep paralysis and hypnagogic hallucination in subjects of UNS ${\geq}14$ were significantly higher in female subjects than male ones. However, no significant gender difference was observed in the frequencies of severe sleep attack and cataplexy-like symptoms. Sleep paralysis was most frequently reported during sleep. There was significant correlation between sleep paralysis and hypnagogic hallucination (r=0.235, p<0.01). Conclusions: Our findings were that female adolescents complained more frequently narcolepsy symptoms than male subjects. Female adolescents might be more sensitive than male ones to physical complaints such as sleepiness or muscle weakness.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.213-217
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• 2007

Pompe disease is a genetic disorder caused by a deficiency of acid ${\alpha}$-glucosidase (GAA). Infantile onset Pompe disease is uniformly lethal. Affected infants generally present in the first few months of life with hypotonia, generalized muscle weakness, and a hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, which is rapidly followed by death, usually by the age of one. The late-onset form is characterized less severe symptoms and prognosis. Therapy for Pompe disease is intended to directly address the underlying metabolic defect via intravenous infusions of recombinant human GAA to replace the missing enzyme. We report a case of atypical infantile-onset Pompe disease that presented symptoms in infancy but had less severe clinical manifestations and improved after GAA enzyme replacement ($Myozyme^{(R)}$, Genzyme Co., MA, USA) therapy. It is very important that pediatricians become aware of signs and symptoms of Pompe disease, such as a nasal voice or a waddling gait at an early stage so that these patients can benefit from appropriate GAA replacement therapy as soon as possible.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.172-182
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• 2002

Objectives: We did research in the cause of the Pitchers' injury and their recovery process to make a detailed injury list for the purpose of finding the cause of the Korean professional pitchers' injury and its classification. We drew the conclusion through the results as following. Methods: We posed a question to the 80 pitchers playing in the first team of the eight Korean professional baseball team and analyzed the 62 pieces of question paper except the paper having a mistake. We used SAS/PC statistical package in analyzing the data. Results: In the frequency of the pitchers' shoulder injury in the last three years, the injured of all the players were 61.3$\%$ and the injury free players were 28.7$\%$. The cause of the injury was 45.2$\%$ wrong pitching motion, which was the highest value. For the shape of a pain when injured, the reverberation ache feeling when he is hit in the weight commanded an absolute majority as 19.4$\%$. Those who had muscular pain were 17.7$\%$, which was felt mostly at the pitching motion. The most trouble name of the injured shoulder was bicepstendinitis as 16.1$\%$ while the injury of shoulder joint was the lowest as 1.6$\%$. As the most widely used treatment, 25.8 percent of all the players had taken an electronical thraphy after injury. 14.5 percent of the players who had an injury to the shoulder told that they have an operation and 85 percent of them didn't. As a sort of the operation, a repairing of labrum was 44.4 percent, which is the highest value and the 77.8 percent pitchers are performing a normal pitching through rehabilitation after the operation and 22.2 percent of them are undergoing rehabilitation training. Conclusion: The research have shown that the main cause of the injury, concerning the Korean professional pitchers throwing lots of ball in both matches and practices, is overuse syndrome, bad mechanism, muscle weakness and instability of balance. I think that the role of trainer, physical therapy, and team physician taking charge of the players' injury must learn physical test method by heart exactly to check up the state of the injury definitely at the initial phase. Moreover, when the cause of the injury part after a close examination is discovered, the scientific and good surgery is essential to the rehabilitation success and making a classification of shoulder instability is useful to make a operation plan as well as the players' rehabilitation, treatment.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.47-52
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• 1988

Since 1979 forty-three cancer patients have been given intrathecal block at the pain clinic of Yonsei Medical Center. The male patients numbered 23 and female 20 and most of them were in the 4th and 5th decades of age. In 78.6% of the patients, the diagnosis was rectal cancer in 20 cases, cervix cancer in 7 cases, bladder cancer in 4 cases and colon cancer in 3 cases. Thirty six patients with cancer pain were treated by intrathecal 10% phenol-glycerine block and rest of them had only test block. Fourteen patients whose pain sites were lumbar or lumbar and upper sacral dermatomes were put into the lateral recumbent position on the fluoroscopic table. The spinal puncture was performed as close to the spinal roots to be impregnated as possible. In 22 patients the pain sites were covered by the sacral dermatomes and so the L5-S1 interspace was punctured in the sitting position shifted 15 degree to the affected site. Fifty one blocks were performed and their results are classified into three categories: good, fair antral poor. We achieved good results in 38 patients(77.1%), fair in 6 patients(17.1%) and poor in 2 patient(5.7%). Thus a satisfactory pain relief was achieved in 94.2% of patients. After intrathecal block with phenol glycerine, transient voiding difficulty was noted in 7, defecation difficulty in 1, and transient paresthesia and/or muscle weakness was present in 3 patients. The mean duration of pain relief was 2.5 months and longer than the mean survival time of 2.25 months. When patients are selected carefully and tile block is performed with great caution and good technique, the risk is minimal and a long lasting relief of intractable cancer pain achieves a painless life until death.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.66-71
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• 1989

It has been standard practice in many institutions to use a combination of a light general anesthesia and an epidural block for lower abdominal and pelvic surgery. This combination of a balanced anesthesia can provide various benefits to the patient such as less bleeding in the surgical field, the use of a lower concentration of general anesthetics, less muscle relaxant, and post operative pain management. However, there are several problems associated with hemodynamics such as bradycardia and hypotension etc. In order to block the pain of the high surgical area with a lumbar epidural puncture postoperatively, a large volume of local anesthetic is required and consequently an extensive blockade of sympathetic, sensory and motor functions can occur causing motor weakness, numbness and postural hypotension. Therefore, the patient is unable to have early ambulation postoperatively. In this study, thoracic epidural catheterization was undertaken to locate the tip of the catheter exactly at the surgical level for upper abdominal surgery, and was followed by general anesthesia. Twenty-one patients scheduled for upper abdominal surgery were selected. Fifteen of them had hepatobiliary operations and the remaining 6 had gastrectomies. Thoracic epidural punctures were performed mostly at T9-T10 (57.1%) and T8-T9. Neuromuscular blocking agents were not used in half of the cases and the, mean doses of relaxant were $3.5{\pm}1.0mg$ in gastrectomies, and $2.7{\pm}0.9mg$ in cases of hepatobiliary operation. Epidural morphine was injected 1 hour before the end of the operation for postoperative pain control. Eight patients did not require additional analgesics and the mean dose of epidural morphine was $2.2{\pm}0.9mg$, and 13 cases were given 0.125% epidural bupivacaine when patients complained of pain. Their initial doses of epidural morphine were $1.9{\pm}0.4mg$ and the mean duration of bupivacaine was 6 hours 20 minutes${\pm}40$ minutes. In conclusion. thoracic epidural analgesia is valuable to reduce postoperative pain in patients with upper abdominal surgery, However, it is not easy to maintain this balanced anesthesia with high epidural analgesia-and light general anesthesia for upper abdominal surgery because of marked hemodynamic changes. Therefore, further practice will be required.

• Journal of the Korean Arthroscopy Society
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.212-219
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• 2009

Medially retracted large-sized rotator cuff tears includes large-sized tears, massive tears and irreparable tears. Generally arthroscopic repair or open repair of rotator cuff tears is used in reparable tears. However, arthroscopic repair requires long period practice and endurance. In irreparable tears, arthroscopic debridement, partial repair, latissimus dorsi transfer and retrograde arthroplasty can be the option. Arthoscopic debridement gives temporal relief who experienced improvement in pain and increase in range of motion after subacromial local anesthetic injection. Also arthroscopic partial repair gives good results in irreparable cases, especially in suprascapular nerve traction neurapraxia. Tendon transfer can be used in mild to moderate muscle weakness in shoulder abduction for long term treatment. Pectoralis major transfer can be used in anterosupeior tears and latissimus dorsi transfer can be used in posterosuperior tears. Reverse shoulder prosthesis is used in extreamly weakened shoulder pseudoparalysis. The authors discussed the method of arthroscopic repair in irreparable tears. The debridement, partial repair, and tendon transfer could be used in medially retracted large-sized rotator cuff tears.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.430-440
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• 2022

Selenium is an important trace mineral that plays an essential role in maintaining the body's immunity with oxidative stress defense and antioxidant activity, immunity, thyroid hormone control, defense against drug or heavy metal harm, and reducing the risk of chronic diseases. A selenium deficiency increases the risk of various chronic diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, neurological disease, osteoarthritis, muscle necrosis and weakness, thyroid disease, and inflammatory diseases. This paper explains the criteria for establishing and revising selenium in the 2020 Dietary Reference Intake for Koreans (KDRIs) and reviews the current status of the selenium database and suggestions for setting the 2025 KDRIs in the future. In the 2020 KDRIs, the selenium intake with the maximum plasma selenoprotein P level was used as the criteria. The weight and coefficient of the variation were applied to the Chinese' reported values. Compared to 2015 KDRIs, there were some revisions in the selenium dietary reference intakes by gender and age according to the change in reference weight. To improve and revise selenium dietary reference intakes in the future, a selenium intervention study is needed to determine the maximum level of plasma selenoprotein P in Koreans. In addition, a revision of the selenium database of the nutritional assessment program (CAN-Pro 5.0) is needed. An analysis of the selenium content of foods should be expanded to assess the selenium intake accurately. In addition, research on the relationship between selenium intake and the biological indicators in the body is required for healthy people and subjects of special environments, such as patients and athletes with various oxidative stress.

• 한국노년학
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.1107-1116
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• 2010

The elderly people with advancing years have many problems such as the decline of the proprioceptive, visual & vestibular function and muscle weakness. Furthermore the decrease of the reflex which influences the balance ability in sudden change of the movement could cause the falls. The difficulty of the balance caused by the fear releated to the fall aggravates the Falls Efficacy and causes a lot of the disability of the independent activities of daily living. The purpose of this study was the effect of a Virtual Reality Program on Static Balance control and Fall efficacy of Elderly people. 14 elderly people(subjects) who were ≥65years of age partiripated in this study and they were divided into VR(Virtual Reality) group(n=7) and Control group (n=7). VR group took the general physical therapy & IREX and only the general physical therapy was carried out in the control group. VR group of intervention was carried out for 30min. total 8times. They were evaluated by BIO-Rescue, Fall Efficacy Scale before and after treatment. The Static Balance control and Fall efficacy were assessed by Bio-Rescue & Falls Efficacy Scale. The analysis of the resulf was assessed by Wilcoxon signed test & Mann-Whitney U test. The result showed that the static balance of VR group with the open eyes was improved in a static balance test and range of the movement was increased in limited of stability. And Falls Efficacy was also efficacious. IREX was effective to static balance control and Falls Efficacy of the elderly When we think about these effects, various treatments and objective assessments using VR program will be needed for the elderly

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.238-252
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• 1998

Reumatic arthritis is a disease with joint pain being one of the key symptoms. The patient suffers from the pain, stiff sensation and edema due to the inflammation taking Place In one or more joints. Accompanying these problems are fatigue, unusual exhaustion, fever, tachycardia and weakness. Inaddition, joints are often deformed and muscles shrink along with the progress of edema, coupled with depression and psychological instability resulting from the loss of the mobile function and limitations on the daily life. Some patients become fed up with the long and hard flight with the disease and just give up, which aggravates the symptoms. Others come to the hospital only when the conditions have become serious. We need to prevent these and guide the patients in the right direction. Against this backdrop, this study aims to look into the relations between the knowledge on the part of the patients together with their feeling of self-efficacy and the compliance. The results are expected to help the patients improve their life, In addition to providing useful materials for setting up appropriate plan for nursing intervention. The study was conducted by distributing questionnaire to 88 patients selected from the out-patient department of a university hospital in Inchon, from April 6 to 27, 1998. The following tools were used the yardstick of self-efficacy, developed in 1997 by the Society for the Health of Rheumatism Patients, was used for measuring the levels of knowledge and the feeling of self-efficacy. The degree of compliance was measured by the data collected from documents in addition to the results of the analysis of the interviews with the patients. The reliability of the tools was confirmed. In the analysis, the general characteristics were expressed in figures and percentages. The levels of knowledge, feeling of self-efficacy, and compliance were expressed in the average values and standard deviations. The relations among the variables following the general characteristics were analysed by the t-test and one-way ANOVA. The Pearson correction coefficient was used for the analysis of factors. Multiple-loop analysis was used to identify the variables affecting the compliance. The following are the results of this study. 1. Among the 88 patients, 18 were men and the remaining 70 were women, with a ratio 1 : 3.87. Regarding the age groups, 23 were between 50 and 59 years old, with those between 50 and 69 accounting for 51.1% of the total. High school graduates or higher amounted to 58%. Religious patients was 67% or 59 persons. Fifty nine percent were unemployed, and 58.3% (49 persons) had two children or fewer. The period of suffering from rheumatism varied between 2 months and IS years, with 70% less than years. 2. The average figure In relation to the of knowledge was 17.63 points over 30 or 58. 76%, which means a medium level. 3. The average figure of the feeling of self-efficacy was 60.06 points. 4. The level of compliance was 3.26, which was above average. 5. The relation between the feeling of self-efficacy and compliance showed an "r" value of 0.37, which was significant. It means that the higher the feeling, the greater the compliance points. 6. The analysis of the knowledge level revealed that the difference is found only between the college graduates and junior-high graduates or lower. 7. The feeling of self-efficacy varied along with the age and education level. 8. The general characteristics of patients as discussed above did not show significant difference with the compliance. 9. Regarding the elements influencing the compliance, the number of children, period of suffering, income, age, feering of self-efficacy, knowledge, and compliance had 54% of significance. In conclusion, rheumatism victims can lead a better life if they are appropriately educated, based on efficient training program from the early days of the disease ; if they become able to manage themselves thanks to the training ; and if they are helped by a program focusing on the increase of the feeling of self-efficacy aimed at changing patient's behavior.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.79-85
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• 2012

Objective: It has been expected that patient with posttraumatic recurrent anterior shoulder dislocation might have limited daily life activity because of pain and apprehension of dislocation. But there have been only a small number of investigations regarding the rotator strength in this patient. The aim of this study is to find the characteristics about rotator strength of patient with posttraumatic recurrent anterior shoulder dislocation using an isokinetic testing. Method: We enrolled thirteen patients with posttraumatic recurrent anterior shoulder dislocation and fifteen sex, age-matched healthy nonathletic subjects in this controlled study. All participants were male and there were no significant differences between the two groups in age, height, weight, BMI. Isokinetic internal rotator and external rotator strength was evaluated with a Biodex Isokinetic Testing machine (Biodex Medical Systems, Shirley, NY, USA), tests were performed at 60 deg/sec and 180 deg/sec for both sides. Peak torque normalized to body weight, external rotator to internal rotator ratio, total work and fatigue were calculated for each angular velocity. The association between internal rotator and external rotator strength and shoulder instability was analyzed by comparisons with a control group. Results: Any notable differences could not be found between the two groups given all data from no symptomatic left shoulder. There were no significant differences between the two groups statistically in internal rotation strength of right shoulder. However, there has been a tendency that at all angular velocities, external rotator peak torque to body weight, total work and external rotator to internal rotator ratio were significantly lower in the anterior instability group than the control group at all angular velocities. There was no substantial difference between those groups with respect to the fatigue of external rotator and internal rotator in our study. Conclusion: The prominent characteristics of posttraumatic recurrent anterior shoulder dislocation are external rotator weakness and loss of balance with external rotator and internal rotator. Therefore selective training using this information rotator might be helpful in conservative treatment and rehabilitation.