• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.101-108
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• 2015

PURPOSE: This study researched the effects of the changes of elbow joint angle and of arm position in PNF pattern on muscle activation of the contralateral shoulder muscles while performing PNF pattern exercise. METHODS: The research subjects were 16 male physical therapists who had no neuromuscular or neurological disorders. To measure the muscle activation of the contralateral shoulder muscles, EMG electrodes were attached to the muscle valley of the middle and posterior areas of the deltoid and triceps muscles of the arm. Muscle activation while performing the ulnar thrust PNF pattern exercise was measured with the elbow joint positioned at angles of $30^{\circ}$, $45^{\circ}$, and $60^{\circ}$. Resistance points were at the initial, middle, and end ranges of PNF pattern exercise. RESULTS: Muscle activation of the middle and posterior portions of the deltoid muscle increased significantly according to the changes of elbow joint angle. In each resistance point the middle range was significantly higher than at other points. A significant difference on muscle activation was demonstrated throughout each range depending on the type of muscle. Muscle activation of the middle and posterior portions of the deltoid muscle was higher than muscle activation of the triceps. CONCLUSION: The results of this study demonstrate that the PNF pattern exercising method used in this study is a selective exercising method focusing on the deltoid muscle over the triceps muscle. In order to increase the muscle strength to the maximum level, it is necessary to provide the maximum level of resistance in the middle range of the elbow joint.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.435-444
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• 2020

Purpose: This study aimed to compare the elector spine muscle tone using the irradiation of the proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) arm pattern according to angular motion. Methods: Thirty subjects participated in this study. Elector spine muscle tone was measured using a Myotonpro device while in the sitting position according to the angular motion (70°, 100°, 130°) of the PNF arm pattern using a D1 flexion pattern. Each angular motion of the PNF arm pattern was performed with a continuous passive motion (CPM). The change in elector spine muscle tone was statistically evaluated using a repeated one-way ANOVA test. Post-hoc analysis was performed using the Bonferroni method. Results: The results revealed a significant change in elector spine muscle tone when performing the PNF arm pattern using D1 flexion pattern. Specifically, the elector spine muscle tone had significantly increased at 100° and 130° motion in the PNF arm pattern when compared to the initial muscle tone (p < 0.05). No significant muscle tone changes were noted for any of the angular motions of the PNF upper arm pattern (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study indicate a positive increase in elector spine muscle tone with irradiation of the PNF upper arm pattern exercise with 100° or 130° angular motion. The minimum angle at which the effect of the irradiation of the PNF arm pattern could be seen was 100°.

• Archives of Orthopedic and Sports Physical Therapy
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.55-64
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• 2018

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the sprinter and skater combined patterns on muscle contraction onset time and muscle activation of body stabilizing muscles. Method : Our study included young and healthy men in their 20s. The participants used the sprinter and skater combined patterns of the proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) methods to measure muscle activation and muscle contraction onset time of the trunk muscles. To measure muscle contraction onset time and muscle activation, electrodes were attached to the rectus abdominis (RA), external oblique (EO), internal oblique (IO), and erector spinalis (ES) regions. Significant differences were identified using a paired t-test and a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) analysis. Result : In the sprinter combined pattern, the muscle with the fastest onset time of contraction was the RES, and that with the slowest was the RRA (p<.001). In the skater combined pattern, the muscle with the fastest onset time of contraction was the LES, and that with the slowest was the LRA (p<.001). In the sprinter combined pattern, the REO and LIO presented medium muscle contraction onset times (p<.001). In the skater combined pattern, the LEO and RIO presented medium muscle contraction onset times (p<.001). Conclusions: Based on these results, these patterns could be used as exercise methods for the elderly with delayed proactive response speeds of the body stabilization methods due to imbalances in body stabilizing muscles or limbs movement.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.81-88
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of normal timing according to angular motion in PNF patterns on electromyography (EMG) activity in rectus abdominis, internal oblique abdominal muscle, external oblique abdominal muscle, and erector spinae. Methods: Ten healthy adults volunteered to participate in this study. The participants were required to complete following two PNF extremity patterns; upper extremity extension- adduction-internal rotation pattern with $180^{\circ}$, $90^{\circ}$, $30^{\circ}$ and lower extremity flexion- adduction-external rotation pattern with $0^{\circ}$, $60^{\circ}$, $90^{\circ}$. A paired t-test was used to determine the influence of the two PNF patterns on muscle activity in each muscle. Descriptive statistics were used to determine the ratio of local muscle activity to global muscle activity. Results: In terms of their effect on applied normal timing, the upper and lower extremity pattern significantly affected the rectus abdominis, internal oblique, external oblique, and erector spinae (p < .05). The upper extremity pattern (at an extension angle of $30^{\circ}$) and the lower extremity pattern ((at a flexion angle of $90^{\circ}$) influenced the rectus abdominis, internal oblique, external oblique, and erector spinae (p < .05). Conclusion: The effect of the upper and lower extremity patterns on applied normal timing was significant in that these patterns increased trunk muscle activation. The upper extremity pattern (at an extension angle of $30^{\circ}$) and the lower extremity pattern (at a flexion angle of $90^{\circ}$) increased trunk muscle activation. Normal timing is required to increase trunk muscle strength and extremity movement.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.177-183
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• 2017

Purpose: This study compared and analyzed the effect of the proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) arm extension pattern and leg flexion pattern on the contralateral lower extremity muscles when the patterns were applied to the same subject. Methods: In the study, 35 healthy men and women who understood the PNF patterns were selected as participants. The participants completed the PNF arm extension-abduction-internal rotation pattern and leg flexion-adduction-external rotation with knee flexion pattern in the supine position. While the patients' completed each pattern, the contralateral leg muscle activity was measured to examine the irradiation effect. The maximum isometric contraction time of the muscles to be measured was kept for 5 seconds, and the mean value was obtained by repeating the pattern three times. Results: When the leg flexion-adduction-external rotation with knee flexion pattern was completed, the muscle activity in the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, biceps femoris, tibialis anterior, and gastrocnemius of the contralateral lower extremity was significantly greater than that found in the PNF arm extension-abduction-internal rotation pattern. Conclusion: The PNF leg flexion pattern showed greater muscle activity on the contralateral lower extremity than the arm extension pattern. Thus, the PNF leg extension pattern is more effective in the activation of the muscles associated with weight-bearing activity.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.229-238
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• 2012

This study is to compare muscle strength between isotonic exercise and isotonic & isokinetic exercise. Participants are 12-man and 10-woman whom they are healthy without medical history in shoulder, elbow and lumbar joint. We performed experiment total 4-weeks that exercise 3-days a week each exercise pattern. We measured shoulder, elbow and lumbar joint torque with BIODEX and circumference of muscle in upper arms once a week. The result showed that isotonic & isokinetic exercise pattern significantly more improved joint torque in shoulder, elbow, lumbar than isotonic exercise pattern. Because that isotonic & isokinetic exercise pattern supplied muscle strengthen and caused muscle contraction. This exercise pattern can be used new exercise training method for major athlete and normal people. Also this pattern can be used rehabilitation treatment.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.19-24
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• 2011

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of PNF lower extremity flexion pattern on the eletromyographic (EMG) activity in rectus abdominis, internal oblique abdominal, external oblique abdominal, erector spinae. Methods : Twenty-six healthy adults volunteered to participate in this study. Subjects were required complete following two PNF lower extremity patterns; flexion-adduction-external rotation with knee flexion (D1) and flexion-abduction-internal rotation with knee flexion (D2). A paired t-test was used to determine the influence of the PNF two patterns on muscle activity for each muscle and descriptive statistics was used to determine local/global muscle ratio. Results : The D1 pattern was showed significant rectus abdominis (p<.05) and Median of internal oblique/rectus abdominis ratio was 2.23 and internal oblique/external oblique ratio was 1.53. The D2 pattern showed significant erector spinae (p<.05) and Median of internal oblique/rectus abdominis ratio was 3.06 and internal oblique/external oblique ratio was 1.72. Conclusion : The D1 pattern made rectus abdominis activation increase. The D2 pattern made erector spinae activation increase. As compared D1 and D2 pattern on trunk muscle activation, it's will be useful decision making for the trunk muscle strength and stabilization.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.173-179
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of arm leg flexion patterns of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation on the muscle activation of the contralateral lower extremity. Methods: In this study, Electromyogram MP150(Biopac system, USA) was applied to 20 healthy male subjects. Unilateral arm flexion- abduction- external rotation pattern and Unilateral leg flexion- adduction- external rotation with knee flexion pattern were applied within mid range of the supine position for measurement. The muscle activation of vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius(medialis) muscle of the contralateral lower extremity were compared and analyzed during the applications. Results: The results of this study were summarized as follows: There was a statistically significant difference in the muscle activation of vastus lateralis and biceps femoris between the arm and leg patterns(P<0.05). There was a statistically significant difference in the muscle activation of gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior between the arm and leg patterns(P<0.05). Conclusion: contralateral vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior muscles show the higher muscle activation in the leg pattern than one in the arm pattern.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.11-18
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• 2019

Purpose: This study verifies the muscle activity around the amputation site during proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) pattern exercise for the upper extremities on the non-amputated part in upper extremity amputees and provides basic data on effective exercise around an amputation site. Methods: Manual resistance was applied to the PNF upper extremity pattern of the non-amputated part to generate muscle activity around the amputation site. The resistance was adjusted to an intensity that could cause maximal isometric contraction. The muscle activity of the amputation site and the non-amputated part was measured using a surface electromyogram for the upper trapezius, middle trapezius, infraspinatus, serratus anterior, and pectoralis major. Results: During the scapular exercise in the painless range, the amputated side showed significantly lower muscle activity and a lower muscle contraction ratio compared with the non-amputated side. During the PNF pattern exercise in the painless range, the amputated side showed lower muscle activity and a lower muscle contraction ratio compared with the non-amputated side. When the direct scapular exercise of the amputated side was compared with the PNF pattern exercise of the non-amputated side, their muscle contraction ratios were similar. Conclusion: This study confirmed the effectiveness of the PNF pattern exercise of the non-amputated part as a way to indirectly train the injured site with no pain for rehabilitation of patients with serious body injuries, such as amputation. It is necessary to develop effective exercise programs for the rehabilitation of the amputation site based on the results of this study.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2003

Objectives: The main purpose of this study is to analyze the importance of the rotatory factor in PNF pattern. In this article has to analyze and clarify the importance of the rotatory factor in PNF pattern by comparing the general concepts, facilitation technics, and neuroscience of muscle spindle, etc. Methods: This is a literature study with books. Results : There is close relationships between the pattern in PNF and rotatory factor. PNF pattern is priorily made up the diagonal and spiral pattern. the rotatory factor influences and guides from the start to end in the pattern. Conclusions : Rotation component is most important of the three component that one flexion or extension, abduction or adduction and rotation. It is that provide longer muscle length and stimulate the muscle spindles.