• 생명과학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.254-263
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• 2024

한국의 장은 콩을 발효시켜 만든 식품으로 대표적인 종류로는 고추장, 된장, 청국장, 간장이 있다. 본 연구에서는 콩 발효식품의 미생물 군집을 분석하고, 각 장류의 유형에 따른 미생물 군집 구조 차이에 영향을 미치는 미생물(biomarker)과 분포 차이를 비교하기 위해 총 200종의 장류 시료를 next-generation sequencing을 통해 16S rRNA 마이크로바이옴 분석을 수행하였다. Alpha-diversity 분석 결과 종 풍부도를 나타내는 지수 CHAO는 고추장과 청국장에서 분석에서 된장과 간장 그룹에 비해 유의미하게 높은 경향을 보였다 (p<0.001). 네 가지 장류의 미생물 분포 분석 결과 목(order) 수준에서 Bacillales가 고추장, 된장, 청국장 그룹에서 우세한 반면, 간장의 경우 Lactobacillales가 우세한 것으로 차이가 나타났다. LEfSe (Linear dis- criminant analysis Effect Size)분석을 통해 전통 장류의 과(family)와 종(species) 수준에서 바이오마커를 분석하였다. Leuconostocaceae, Thermoactinomycetaceae, Bacillaceae, Enterococcaceae가 과 수준에서 장 유형에 따른 미생물 군집 구조 차이에 큰 기여를 하는 바이오마커로 나타났으며, Bacillus subtilis, kroppenstedtia sanguinis, Bacillus licheniformis, Tetragenococcus halophilus가 종 수준에서 네 종류의 발효식품을 미생물학적으로 분류할 수 있는 가장 중요한 특징으로 나타났다. PERMANOVA (Permutational multivariate analysis of variance) 분석 결과 네 가지 장류는 미생물 군집 구조가 통계학적으로 유의미한 차이가 나타났으며 (p=0.001), 그 중 간장 그룹의 미생물 군집 구조가 가장 차이를 보였다. 본 연구의 결과는 한국 발효식품의 미생물학적 분포 특성과 장류 유형별 미생물 군집 구조차이에 영향을 미치는 미생물을 규명하였으며, 발효과정에 참여하는 미생물에 대한 지식을 넓히고 발효 콩 식품의 품질을 향상시키는 데 도움이 될 것으로 기대한다.

• 경영과정보연구
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.17-37
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• 2020

본 연구의 목적은 2007년~2010년 유로 도입 이후 금융위기 및 그에 따른 EU 부채위기까지의 기간 내에 미국, 유럽 및 BRIC 금융시장 간의 선형과 비선형 인과관계의 존재를 통해 글로벌 전이효과를 조사하는데 있다. 금융위기로 인한 글로벌 전이효과가 잘 설명되어 있지만, 미국, 유럽 및 BRIC 주식시장 간의 변동성 전이효과의 특성 뿐만 아니라 전달 메커니즘은 체계적으로 조사되지 않았다. 동적 선형 및 비선형 인과관계를 조사하기 위해 단계적인 필터링 방법론이 도입되었는데, 이는 벡터자기회귀모형과 다변량 GARCH 모형을 포함한다. 본 논문의 표본은 유로 이후 기간을 포함하고 또한 2007년 금융위기, 2008년 글로벌 금융위기, 2010년 유로존 부채위기도 포함한다. 본 연구의 실증결과는 BRIC 주식시장의 효율성에 많은 함의를 가질 수 있는데 시장의 예측가능성에 영향을 미칠 뿐만 아니라 시장의 금융통합의 과정을 수량화하기 위해서 미래의 연구에 유용할 수 있다. 미국, 유럽 및 BRIC 간의 상호 의존성이 감지되면 금융시장 규제, 헤징 및 거래 전략에 대한 중요한 함의를 나타낼 수 있다. 또한 결과는 BRIC이 미국발 서브프라임 금융위기 이후 국제적으로 통합되고 있고 전이효과가 더욱 구체화 되어 현저하게 나타나고 있다는 것을 보여준다. 더욱이, 탈동조화 견해를 지지하는 일관된 증거가 전혀 없다. 일부 비선형 인과관계는 조사기간 동안 필터링 후에도 지속된다. 비록 꼬리분포 의존성과 고적률이 나머지 상호 의존성의 유의한 요소일 수 있을지라도, 이것은 비선형 인과관계가 단순한 변동성 효과에 의해 대체로 설명될 수 있다.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.29-43
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• 2002

The purpose of this paper is to examine atmospherical factors affecting user's satisfaction in natural park to answer the research question: what are the effects of atmosphere on user's satisfaction in natural parks(NP). After reviewing the literature, mechanism of NP, and use elements in NP, We constructed the conceptual framework and have formulated the hypothesis of this research. We had obtained data through a questionnaire, which surveyed 508 visitors at 6 of the 73 NP in Korea in 2001, based on stratified sampling method. We have analyzed the data using descriptive statistical methods, the mean difference test, Pearson's correlation analysis, and the multiple linear regression method. We found that 1) the five atmospheric variables, j.e., number of users(NOU), crowding, damage to park resources(DPR), and maintenance of park resources and facilities(MPRF), encounter level(EL) affecting user's satisfaction, have tuned out to be statistically significant at a five percent level. The direction of the relationship between user's satisfaction and MPRF, NOU, EL is the same as that of the dependent variable and the opposite of crowding, and BPR, 2) in bivariate analysis, the positive relationships between user's satisfaction and park resources, MPRF are fairly high and statistically significant. The higher the value of DPR, and crowing, the lower the degree of user's satisfaction, 3) in multivariate analysis, such variables as NOU, crowding, DPR, EL, and MPRF affecting user's satisfaction have been statistically significant at five percent level, and 4) the relative contribution of MPRF, park resources, park facilities, NOU, crowding, DPR, and size of activity space on user's satisfaction have been determined to have respectively 6.00, 4.78, 2.53, 1.83, 1.64, 1.59 and 2.03 times more important than that of EL. Among the atmospheric variables, MPRF is the most important at 1.26 times higher than that of park resources. The research results suggest that the development of devices for the increase in user's satisfaction and user management program based on the knowledge we have found, be recommended in the planning and development process of natural park. The approach adopted by this research is valid and useful for evaluation criteria of NP. It is recommended that more empirical studies by activity types, activity spaces, and seasons on atmospheric elements affecting user's satisfaction be performed in the future.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.359-366
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• 2003

Objectives : This study was conducted to review the diffusion process and factors affecting the adoption of the Health Center Information System (HIS). Methods : Data were collected from POSDATA (private company), MOHW, other Ministries and local governments. To specify the date of adoption, supplementary information was collected from 40 health centers. The following three kinds of factors were analyzed. Internal factors included type, size, and innovativeness of health centers. Community factors were composed of population sire, economic status, and level of education. Organizational environmental factors consisted of information score of the municipalities, financial support of the from central government, and the neighborhoodness of innovator health centers. Results : All health centers in the metropolitan cities of Seoul, Gwangju and Jeju adopted the HIS. The laggards were those in the metropolitan cities of Busan (18.8%), Incheon (20.0%) and Daejun (20.0%), and cities with population more than 300,000 (54.8%) and counties with health center hospitals (47.1%). Financially supported rural health centers adopted the HIS more rapidly than those not supported. The factors identified as being statistically significant (p<0.05), from a univariate analysis by Kaplan-Meier method, were: (1) internal factors of the type, size and innovativeness of health centers; (2) community factors of population size and economic status; (3) organizational environmental factors of the central government financial support and the neighborhoodness of innovator health centers. A multivariate analysis, using a Cox proportional hazard method, proved the innovativeness of health centers, central government financial support and the neighborhoodness of innovator health centers, were statistically significant (p<0.05). Conclusions : The innovativeness of health centers, financial support from central government and the neighborhoodness of innovator health centers, rather than community factors related to regional socioeconomic status, affected ffe adoption of the HIS in health centers. Further in-depth studies, modifying the MOHW's strategy to propagate the HIS to the laggard health confers, are recommended.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.55-68
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• 2011

The distribution and inter-annual variation of nutrients (N, P, Si) and dissolved/particulate organic carbon were investigated in the equatorial thermocline ridge ($7^{\circ}{\sim}11.5^{\circ}N$, $131.5^{\circ}W$) of the northeast Pacific. From the Oceanic Nino Index and Multivariate ENSO Index provided by NOAA, normal condition was observed in July 2003 and August 2005 on the aspect of global climate/ocean change. However, La Ni$\~{n}$a and El Ni$\~{n}$o episodes occurred in July 2007 and August 2009, respectively. Thermocline ridge in the study area was located at $9^{\circ}N$ in July 2003, $8^{\circ}N$ in August 2005, $10^{\circ}N$ in July 2007, and $10.5^{\circ}N$ in August 2009 under the influence of global climate/ocean change and surface current system (North Equatorial Counter Current and North Equatorial Current) of the northeast Pacific. Maximum depth integrated values (DIV) of nutrients in the upper layer (0~100 m depth range) were shown in July 2007 (mean 21.12 gN/$m^2$, 4.27 gP/$m^2$, 33.72 gSi/$m^2$) and higher variability of DIV in the equatorial thermocline ridge was observed at $10^{\circ}N$ during the study periods. Also, maximum concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the upper 50 m depth layer was observed in July 2007 (mean $107.48{\pm}14.58\;{\mu}M$), and particulate organic carbon (POC, mean $9.42{\pm}3.02\;{\mu}M$) was similar to that of DOC. Nutrient concentration in the surface layer increased with effect of upwelling phenomenon in the equatorial thermocline ridge and La Ni$\~{n}$a episode, which had formed in the central Pacific. This process also resulted in the increasing of organic carbon concentration (DOC and POC) in the surface layer. From these results, it is suggested that spatial and temporal variation of chemical and biological factors were generated by physical processes in the equatorial thermocline ridge.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.9-19
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• 2017

Background: Normalized cerebral blood volume (nCBV) can be measured using manual or semiautomatic segmentation method. However, the difference in diagnostic performance on brain tumor differentiation between differently measured nCBV has not been evaluated. Purpose: To compare the diagnostic performance of manually obtained nCBV to that of semiautomatically obtained nCBV on glioblastoma (GBM) and primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) differentiation. Materials and Methods: Histopathologically confirmed forty GBM and eleven PCNSL patients underwent 3T MR imaging with dynamic susceptibility contrast-enhanced perfusion MR imaging before any treatment or biopsy. Based on the contrast-enhanced T1-weighted imaging, the mean nCBV (mCBV) was measured using the manual method (manual mCBV), random regions of interest (ROIs) placement by the observer, or the semiautomatic segmentation method (semiautomatic mCBV). The volume of enhancing portion of the tumor was also measured during semiautomatic segmentation process. T-test, ROC curve analysis, Fisher's exact test and multivariate regression analysis were performed to compare the value and evaluate the diagnostic performance of each parameter. Results: GBM showed a higher enhancing volume (P = 0.0307), a higher manual mCBV (P = 0.018) and a higher semiautomatic mCBV (P = 0.0111) than that of the PCNSL. Semiautomatic mCBV had the highest value (0.815) for the area under the curve (AUC), however, the AUCs of the three parameters were not significantly different from each other. The semiautomatic mCBV was the best independent predictor for the GBM and PCNSL differential diagnosis according to the stepwise multiple regression analysis. Conclusion: We found that the semiautomatic mCBV could be a better predictor than the manual mCBV for the GBM and PCNSL differentiation. We believe that the semiautomatic segmentation method can contribute to the advancement of perfusion based brain tumor evaluation.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권9호
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• pp.5237-5242
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• 2013

Background: Inflammation is a critical component of tumor progression. Many cancers arise from sites of infection, chronic irritation, and inflammation. It is now becoming clear that the tumour microenvironment, which is largely orchestrated by inflammatory cells, is an essential participant in the neoplastic process, promoting proliferation, survival and migration. Platelets can release some growth factors such as platelet-derived growth factor, platelet factor 4, and thrombospondin. Such factors have been shown to promote hematogenous tumour spread, tumor cell adhesion and invasion, and angiogenesis and to play an important role in tumor progression. In this study, we aimed to investigate effects of the pretreatment neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and the platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR) on survival and response to chemoradiotherapy in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Materials and Methods: Ninety-four patients with non-metastatic NSCLC were included and separated into two groups according to median valuse of NLR and PLR (low:<3.44 or high:${\geq}3.44$ and low:<194 or high${\geq}194$, respectively). Results: Pretreatment high NLR and PLR were associated with significantly shorter disease-free and overall survival rates. Multivariate analysis revealed that the overall survival rates were significantly linked with PLR (OR: 1.87, CI: 1.20-2.91, p: 0.006) and response to chemoradiotherapy (OR: 1.80, CI: 1.14-2.81, p: 0.012) and the disease-free survival rates were significantly associated with NLR (OR: 1.81, CI: 1.16-2.82, p: 0.009) and response to chemoradiotherapy (OR: 2.30, CI: 1.45-3.66, p: 0.001). There was no significant difference between patients with high and low NLR in terms of response to chemoradiotherapy. Similarly, there was no significant influence of the PLR. Conclusions: Pretreatment NLR and PLR measurements can provide important prognostic results in patients with NSCLC and assessment of the two parameters together appears to better predict the prognosis in patients with NSCLC. The effect of inflammation, indicators of NLR and PLR, on survival seems independent of the response to chemoradiotherapy.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.526-531
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• 2010

목재의 합리적인 이용을 위하여 목재 가공 또는 이용시 수분제어를 통한 건조결함 발생 최소화가 중요하다. 근적외선 분광분석법을 이용하여 재료의 물리적 화학적 성질을 신속하고 비파괴적으로 파악할 수 있다. 본 연구 에서는 근적외선 분광분석법을 이용하여 목재의 표면함수율을 측정하였다. 근적외선 분광스펙트럼에는 목재의 화학적 성분의 영향으로 인하여 노이즈가 포함될 수 있기 때문에 평활화, 미분, 표준화를 포함한 수학적 전처리를 적용한 후 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 750~2,500 nm 범위의 적외선 흡광도를 이용한 회귀모델을 통하여 목재의 표면함수율 측정이 가능함을 확인하였다. 본 연구에서 개발된 근적외선 분광분석법을 통하여 비평형상태에서 목재 수분을 정확히 탐지함으로써 건조 또는 수분흡습 중 목재 내 수분이동량을 제어할 수 있는 기술이 발전될 수 있으리라 기대된다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.257-263
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• 2015

This study was conducted to assess the potential of using NIRS to accurately determine the chemical composition and fermentation parameters in fresh coarse sorghum and sudangrass silage. Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) has been increasingly used as a rapid and accurate method to analyze the quality of cereals and dried animal forage. However, silage analysis by NIRS has a limitation in analyzing dried and ground samples in farm-scale applications because the fermentative products are lost during the drying process. Fresh coarse silage samples were scanned at 1 nm intervals over the wavelength range of 680~2500 nm, and the optical data were obtained as log 1/Reflectance (log 1/R). The spectral data were regressed, using partial least squares (PLS) multivariate analysis in conjunction with first and second order derivatization, with a scatter correction procedure (standard normal variate and detrend (SNV&D)) to reduce the effect of extraneous noise. The optimum calibrations were selected on the basis of minimizing the standard error of cross validation (SECV). The results of this study showed that NIRS predicted the chemical constituents with a high degree of accuracy (i.e. the correlation coefficient of cross validation ($R^2{_{cv}}$) ranged from 0.86~0.96), except for crude ash which had an $R^2{_{cv}}$ of 0.68. Comparison of the mathematical treatments for raw spectra showed that the second-order derivatization procedure produced the best result for all the treatments, except for neutral detergent fiber (NDF). The best mathematical treatment for moisture, acid detergent fiber (ADF), crude protein (CP) and pH was 2,16,16 respectively while the best mathematical treatment for crude ash, lactic acid and total acid was 2,8,8 respectively. The calibrations of fermentation products produced poorer calibrations (RPD < 2.5) with acetic and butyric acid. The pH, lactic acid and total acids were predicted with considerable accuracy at $R^2{_{cv}}$ 0.72~0.77. This study indicated that NIRS calibrations based on fresh coarse sorghum and sudangrass silage spectra have the capability of assessing the forage quality control

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.350-357
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• 2017

Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a rapid and accurate method for analyzing the quality of cereals, and dried animal forage. However, one limitation of this method is its inability to measure fermentation parameters in dried and ground samples because they are volatile, and therefore, respectively lost during the drying process. In order to overcome this limitation, in this study, fresh coarse haylage was used to test the potential of NIRS to accurately determine chemical composition and fermentation parameters. Fresh coarse Italian ryegrass haylage samples were scanned at 1 nm intervals over a wavelength range of 680 to 2500 nm, and optical data were recorded as log 1/reflectance. Spectral data, together with first- and second-order derivatives, were analyzed using partial least squares (PLS) multivariate regressions; scatter correction procedures (standard normal variate and detrend) were used in order to reduce the effect of extraneous noise. Optimum calibrations were selected based on their low standard error of cross validation (SECV) values. Further, ratio of performance deviation, obtained by dividing the standard deviation of reference values by SECV values, was used to evaluate the reliability of predictive models. Our results showed that the NIRS method can predict chemical constituents accurately (correlation coefficient of cross validation, $R_{cv}^2$, ranged from 0.76 to 0.97); the exception to this result was crude ash ($R_{cv}^2=0.49$ and RPD = 2.09). Comparison of mathematical treatments for raw spectra showed that second-order derivatives yielded better predictions than first-order derivatives. The best mathematical treatment for DM, ADF, and NDF, respectively was 2, 16, 16, whereas the best mathematical treatment for CP and crude ash, respectively was 2, 8, 8. The calibration models for fermentation parameters had low predictive accuracy for acetic, propionic, and butyric acids (RPD < 2.5). However, pH, and lactic and total acids were predicted with considerable accuracy ($R_{cv}^2$ 0.73 to 0.78; RPD values exceeded 2.5), and the best mathematical treatment for them was 1, 8, 8. Our findings show that, when fresh haylage is used, NIRS-based calibrations are reliable for the prediction of haylage characteristics, and therefore useful for the assessment of the forage quality.