• 무역상무연구
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• 제68권
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• pp.171-195
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• 2015

The large increase in RTAs since the late 1980's has challenged the foundations of the multilateral trading system, and thereby has become an axis in the GATT/WTOsystem.While RTAs can be seen to be contradictory to the overall aim of the WTO, they were allowed for in Article XXIV of GATT conditional to certain provision. The failure of compliance and subsequently enforcement of these provisions could be seen as a serious flaw of Article XXIV since the inception of GATT system. Many elements of GATT Article XXIV are not clear and thus lead to divergent interpretations of its disciplines. This considerable divergence in opinions arise from both ambiguities throughout the provisions under GATT Article XXIV. In this regard, both economic and legal work is required to keep up with constantly changing nature of the world trading system. Further, global efforts are required to resolve another teething issue of WTO's problematic institutional framework on GATT/WTO's oversight and surveillance of RTAs. and thereby strengthen the multilateral trading system. Needless to say, theGATT/WTOframework has been essential in paving the way for RTAs while ensuring a more multilateral and liberal trading system. Consequently, global efforts should be made to restructure the WTO for the renewed multilateral trade liberalization in the GATT/WTO.

• 아태비즈니스연구
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.381-396
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• 2023

Purpose - The purpose of this study was to analyze environmental and labor issues and related norms, which are new trade issues that are expanding in bilateral and multilateral trade agreements, and examine the possible impact of these norms on domestic fisheries policies. Design/methodology/approach - In this study, literature research was used as the main research methods. The comparative analysis of international norms and multilateral trade agreements texts related to the environment, labor and trade were conducted. Findings - The new trade norms in the fisheries sector can be represented by labor and environment issues. Since domestic environmental and labor standards do not fully meet the standards of the multilateral trade agreements, it is necessary to ensure that domestic norms are supplemented and relevant policies are newly established through a review of international law on environment and labor. Research implications or Originality - This study confirmed that international norms related to labor and environment in the fisheries sector are mixed with soft norms and binding norms, and each norm is linked in a multi-layered and mutual way. Such international norms are being strengthened in connection with trade agreements and issues.

• 한국항만경제학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.3-26
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• 2001

Competitive and reliable maritime transport services benefit the economy as a whole, and are key efficiency factors for the production of both goods and services. Although maritime transport sector is very liberalized compared to many other service sectors, certain obstacles must be overcome before full liberalization of the maritime transport can be realized. Particularly, maritime transport services in Northeast Asia are regulated by a complicated and outdated system. To remove these barkers two approaches can be used: a regional trading arrangement approach and a multilateral approach via WTO. However, multilateral efforts are not likely to be successful in achieving any concrete progress towards maritime transport liberalization in the short- to medium-term in Northeast Asia. Consequently, it may be the best to take the following two progressive approaches and to make them work towards liberalization of the maritime transport market: a bilateral approach and a trilateral approach. A gradual process of liberalization would expand the market, help operators achieve economies of scale, promote the international division of labor and specialization, enhance the effective management of shipping services, and promote the long-term interests and welfare of the user by improving service quality and diversifying services. A liberalized and integrated maritime transport market in Northeast Asia should achieve both of these long-run policy objectives by benefiting both the transport service users and the transport service providers. In order to move the maritime transport liberalization programs as quickly as possible, it is desirable to establish a "Regional Maritime Transport Liberalization Committee." We suggest it to be a Tripartite (China, Japan and Korea) Committee initially, which can later expand its membership to include other Northeast Asian countries.

• 통상정보연구
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.465-484
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• 2009

Since the launch of the GATT system, one of the most controversial topics in trade liberalization has been the conflict between culture and trade. The sticking point has been the necessity of cultural exceptions in trade rules. Some countries do not wish to allow further exceptions to basic principles even in cultural industry, while many other countries make their efforts to obtain "cultural safety valve." The latter group asserts that it is indispensable for the protection of cultural identity, whereas the former seems to doubt the truth of the assertion. That is because cultural policy measure possibly constitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination between countries, or a disguised barriers to trade in cultural products. Unfortunately, cultural exceptions still remain unresolved in the WTO, the successor to the GATT. This paper is to review the history and rules of multilateral trading system on cultural industry, address the critical issues to deal with in the DDA negotiations, and lastly provide some perspectives on the appropriate shape of the cultural safety valve.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.233-266
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• 2005

The world trading system has been under many changes in recent years. One notably important development is that much attention away from the multilateralism-oriented World Trade Organization towards FTA(Free Trade Agreement). The Free Trade Agreement signed between korea and chile formally have been come effective for free trade in goods and services as from April 1, 2004. During Free Trade Agreement negotiations between both countries. This study aims at presenting the suggestion for the Korea to make the WTO rules and FTA by analyzing The interpretation of FTA under WTO System. It was founded by the investigation of WTO rules, most of the provisions are similar with other FTA, but a little provisions different from other FTA's. It is an appearance from the contracting party's peculiar circumstances such as state of industrial development or future prospect, conditions around international trade. The whole world has entered the new stage of bilateral and multilateral FTA. The essential or new generation or bilateral and multilateral FTA is creating more trade opportunities, promoting all factors, commodity, service, capital, technology and talent freely flow through canceling the trade barriers between FTA, in order to develop together within the regions. It shows that the cooperations transfer form the whole region into FTA. FTA makes not only the free trade smooth ,but also takes place the trade distortion effect. especially as the agriculture has a speciality each country, should it is ignored in negotiation, many reactions will be occurred in the process of fta Therefore Korea needs to deliver the message that Korea's hub is an essential ingredient for an efficient FTA and WTO system in a bilateral and multilateral win-win framework. Consequently Korea should have criterions about the rules of FTA and WTO system for peculiar circumstances of Korean economy and international trade.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제14권
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• pp.177-218
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• 2000

Global Electronic Trading means that trading partners trade each other via Global Electronic Trading Network, that is, global business to business electronic commerce. Recently, where the cargo arrives ahead of the B/L, the importer cannot take delivery of the cargo without the B/L. This situation is referred to as the B/L dilemma. But the BOLERO system will resolve this B/L dilemma. Bolero Project is developing a cross industry utility platform for the secure, electronic transfer of commercial trade information world wide. After the successful testing of an original pilot project, The Bolero Association was formed in 1995 by a group of interested cross industry companies. As a joint venture between SWIFT and TT Club, bolero.net is changing the way the world trades by providing a web-based, paperless mode of commerce that is designed to become a global standard. Bolero International Limited published the first edition of Bolero Rulebook in 1999. The Bolero Rulebook as amended from time to time, governing the relationship between Users and their rights and obligations arising from the Bolero system. The Bolero service will be governed by a multilateral contract called the Bolero Rule Book which specifies the rights and responsibilities of Bolero and its users. The Title Registry and Bolero Bill of Lading provide a fully functional equivalent to the paper bill of lading. The Bolero Bill of Lading can be created, transferred, amended, and surrendered by way of designating to order party, blank endorsement, refusal by the transferee etc. Thus, this study deals with the functions of Bolero Bill of Lading and the problems and solutions in the Bolero Bill of Lading in point of definitions and operation under the Bolero Rulebook.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제29권
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• pp.65-86
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• 2006

In general, goods can be defined as objects, devices or things, whereas services can be defined as deeds, efforts or performances. Ultimately, the primary difference between goods and services is the property of intangibility - lacking physical substance. Recently, service industries span a wide variety of enterprises, from hamburgers to high technology. And the rules-based multilateral trading system so successful in reducing barriers to international trade in goods is now being expanded in the area of international trade in services. Therefore, the Korean Ministry of Trade, Industries and Energies has revised the Korea Foreign Trade Act and its Enforcement Ordinance to focus on expanding trade in service sectors, including transportation, communications, tourism services, and business services.

• 대한지리학회지
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.256-268
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• 2004

한국은 최근 체결된 칠레와의 자유무역협정을 제외하고는 어떤 공식적인 지역주의에도 가입하지 않고 있는 예외적인 국가중의 하나이다. 동북아시아에서의 지역주의의 결여는 경제성장의 엔진으로서 세계수출시장을 선호한 전후의 국가정책을 반영한다. 한국의 50개 기업에 대한 설문조사를 바탕으로 본 연구는 컴퓨터산업의 관점에서 지역주의와 다자주의간의 관계를 고찰한다. 연구결과는 지속적인 수출증가를 위해 한국 컴퓨터 산업은 지역주의보다는 다자주의를 선호함을 보여준다. 연구결과에 따르면 세계무역기구를 통한 가속적인 무역자유화 조치가 지역주의에 대한 수요와 지역주의로부터의 부정적 영향을 감소시키는 것으로 나타난다. 전반적으로 연구결과는 한국 컴퓨터산업은 무차별원칙에 기초한 강력한 다자간 구속력이 있는 무역체제를 선호한다는 것을 시사한다.

• 경영과정보연구
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• 제14권
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• pp.151-180
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• 2004

Owing to the digital revolution, Internet Commerce and Electronic commerce, revolutionize the way of doing business and making payment. The entrance of the Internet has a prominent for spread of Electronic Commerce and those phenomenons will result in paperless trading and cashless trade. By virtue of Internet, an increasing share of business transactions occurs online. Electronic payment is essential for the smooth progress of the electronic commerce as electronic payment plays the important role in the electronic commerce, that is, the value transfer restyling from the electronic commerce. Traditionally international settlement systems such as letters of credits, remittance and documentary collections operated as important and poplar method of payment, Now, information technology has made it possible to pay for the sale of goods and services over the internet. In international trade, there are service providers (bolero, TradeCard, BeXcom) to settle payment electronically through the Internet. The purpose of this study is to Conduct comparative analysis with approach manner functional respect systematic respect, role. It is shown which the Electronic payment system is better. In this study, the author attempts to find the problems is (bolero, TradeCard, BeXcom) and solutions in switching from the documentary payment system to the electronic one. This conclusion of this study can be summarized as followings. In resoect of the law, bolero should seek to prevert the users from being treated unfairly due to multilateral agreement on Rulebook. TradeCard, BeXcom do not have the proper law that users are governed. so far as the practice problems concerned, stability of computer's operation and security of message interchange should be warranted and improved continuously. Through the standardization of the electronic document and the development of software, the examination of the shipping occuments must be done automatically. Bolero should induce more banks to take part in Bolero, and make the carrier the cost and time in managing the traditional document which will be used for the time being. In respect of information technology and security, to deduce the risk in the electronic settlement system and positively uses the global authentication guideline(Identrus).

• 무역학회지
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.293-313
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• 2016

동아시아 지역은 FTA 확대로 인해 국경을 초월한 경제일체화가 진척되고 있고, 각국의 규제제도 개혁으로 기업활동의 자유는 높아지고 있으며, 국경을 초월한 공정간 분업이 진전되고 있는 등 무역네트워크의 고도화가 촉진되고 있다. 미국이 주도하는 다자간 FTA인 환태평양경제동반자협정(TPP)은 2016년 2월 4일 뉴질랜드 오클랜드에서 12개국이 협정문에 서명하였는데, 동아시아 무역네트워크의 변화가 예상된다. 본 연구에서는 TPP가 동아시아 무역네트워크에 미칠 영향에 관해 살펴보았다. 연구결과 TPP는 공급사슬의 글로벌화를 이끄는 규제 및 제도로써 공급사슬 구조를 변화시키고, 가치사슬에 긍정적인 효과를 야기한다. 이는 동아시아 무역네트워크에 상당한 영향을 미칠 것이며 참여기업의 경쟁력 강화로 이어질 것이다. 또한 TPP는 향후 아태자유무역지대(FTAAP)의 실현을 위한 토대가 될 것으로 보이는데, 무역의존도가 높은 한국은 이로 인해 변화할 동아시아 무역환경에 효과적으로 대처하기 위한 정책적 노력을 기울여야 할 것이다.