• 정보처리학회논문지C
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• 제12C권1호
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• pp.111-120
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• 2005

이동 애드-혹 네트워크는 물리적 위치 이동이 가능한 노트들에 의해 자체적으로 형성되는 시스템으로 동적 위상을 고려한 라우팅 프로토콜을 필요로 한다 본 논문에서는 IETT의 라우팅 프로토콜 DSR을 확장한 R-DSR이라 불리는 온-디멘드 다중경로 프로토콜을 제안한다. 제안된 프로토콜에서는 DSR에 의해 구축되는 단인 경로 상의 2-홉 간격의 모든 노드들에 대해 별도의 노드론 경유하는 추가 경로가 연결된다. 수학적 분석을 통하여 DSR 관련 연구 중 가장 대표적인 방법 중의 하나인 Das의 다중경로 프로토콜보다 더 높은 메시지 전달 확률을 제공함을 보였다.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제3권5호
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• pp.475-491
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• 2009

This paper is primarily concerned with multi-path routing in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs). We propose a novel associativity-based on-demand source routing protocol for MANETs that attempts to establish relatively stable path(s) between the source and the destination. We introduce a new notion for gauging the temporal and spatial stability of nodes, and hence the paths interconnecting them. The proposed protocol is compared with other unipath (DSDV and AODV) and multi-path (AOMDV) routing protocols. We investigate the performance in terms of throughput, normalized routing overhead, packet delivery ratio etc. All on-demand protocols show good performance in mobile environments with less traffic overhead compared to proactive approaches, but they are prone to longer end-to-end delays due to route discovery and maintenance.

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
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• 제18권8호
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• pp.909-914
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• 2015

In wireless sensor networks, sensor nodes have a short transmission range and data is transferred from source to destination node using the multi-hop transmission. Sensor nodes are powered by battery and the link qualities are different, and the routing protocol in the wireless sensor network is one of the important technical issues. Multipath routing was proposed to reduce the data congestion and increase data throughput. In the multipath routing, however, each path can be interfered by the other path, and it can aggravate network performance. In this paper, we propose the multipath routing scheme for multi-rate wireless sensor networks. The multipath routing selects transmission paths to minimize transmission delay and path interference.

• 정보처리학회논문지C
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• 제16C권2호
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• pp.223-228
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• 2009

무선 애드-혹 네트워크와 유선 네트워크를 연동하는 하이브리드 애드-혹 네트워크에서 효율적인 서비스 검색 기법은 중요하다. 본 논문에서는 무선 애드-혹 네트워크를 인터넷으로 확장한 하이브리드 애드-혹 네트워크를 위해 중복을 허용하는 다중 경로 소스 라우팅 프로토콜을 사용하는 효율적인 크로스-레이어 서비스 검색 기법을 제안한다. 이 기법은 다중 경로 소스 라우팅 프로토콜의 장점뿐만 아니라 크로스-레이어 서비스 검색 기법의 장점을 동시에 갖는 기법이다. 서비스와 경로 검색이 동시에 이루어지는 크로스-레이어 서비스 검색 기법이 서비스 검색 후 해당 경로를 다시 검색하여 서비스를 제공받는 기존 기법보다 적은 오버헤드를 가진다는 것은 직관적으로 이해할 수 있으므로, 본 시뮬레이션을 통해서는 이 기법이 각 노드에서 다중 라우팅 경로를 유지함으로써 경로 단절시 보다 빠른 라우팅 복구가 가능하며, 다중 경로의 수를 제한하고 링크/노드 중복을 허용하는 다중 경로를 유지하도록 함으로써 라우팅 오버헤드를 줄일 수 있음으로 보인다.

• 전기전자학회논문지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.326-332
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• 2020

본 논문은 듀티사이클 기반의 무선센서네트워크에서 에너지 효율성을 높이고 시간 지연을 줄일 수 있는 경로설정을 위해 새로운 라우팅 메트릭을 고안하고 이를 활용한 라우팅 프로토콜을 제안한다. 듀티사이클을 고려한 새로운 라우팅 메트릭인 EDW 메트릭을 사용함으로써 에너지 효율적이며 저지연의 경로를 설정할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 새로운 라우팅 메트릭을 적용하는 크로스레이어 기반의 다중경로 라우팅 프로토콜을 제안하고 실험을 통해 낮은 전송 지연시간과 적은 에너지소비를 확인하였다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제16권8호
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• pp.5559-5564
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• 2015

이동 애드-혹 네트워크 환경을 위해 다양한 라우팅 프로토콜이 제안되고 있다. 이동 애드-혹 네트워크는 기존 유선 하부구조에 도움 없이 동작하는 일시적으로 구성되는 임시적인 네트워크이다. 제안된 프로토콜은 이동 애드-혹 네트워크 내에서 이동 호스트들 간에 끊김없는 통신 서비스를 제공한다. 특히, 우리의 프로토콜은 각 이동 호스트에서 다중 경로를 유지함으로써 더 빠른 경로 재설정이 가능하도록 해 주고 또한 이 프로토콜은 신뢰할 수 있는 통신 환경을 제공한다. 본 논문에서는 RWP 모델과 LW 모델과의 성능을 비교한다. 본 논문은 단일 경로와 노드의 중복을 허용하는 다중 경로를 사용하는 경우의 평균 이동속도에 따른 전달률의 변화를 이동성 모델에 따라, 그리고 노드의 수에 따라 보인다.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.674-683
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• 2021

A trust-aware secure routing protocol (TSRP) for wireless sensor networks is proposed in this paper to defend against varieties of attacks. First, each node calculates the comprehensive trust values of its neighbors based on direct trust value, indirect trust value, volatilization factor, and residual energy to defend against black hole, selective forwarding, wormhole, hello flood, and sinkhole attacks. Second, any source node that needs to send data forwards a routing request packet to its neighbors in multi-path mode, and this continues until the sink at the end is reached. Finally, the sink finds the optimal path based on the path's comprehensive trust values, transmission distance, and hop count by analyzing the received packets. Simulation results show that TSRP has lower network latency, smaller packet loss rate, and lower average network energy consumption than ad hoc on-demand distance vector routing and trust based secure routing protocol.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.2002-2019
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• 2017

RPL routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks is an Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) recommended IPv6 based protocol for routing over Low power Lossy Networks (LLNs). RPL is proposed for networks with characteristics like small packet size, low bandwidth, low data rate, lossy wireless links and low power. RPL is a proactive routing protocol that creates a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) of the network topology. RPL is increasingly used for Internet of Things (IoT) which comprises of heterogeneous networks and applications. RPL proposes a single path routing strategy. The forwarding technique of RPL does not support multiple paths between source and destination. Multipath routing is an important strategy used in both sensor and ad-hoc network for performance enhancement. Multipath routing is also used to achieve multi-fold objectives including higher reliability, increase in throughput, fault tolerance, congestion mitigation and hole avoidance. In this paper, M-RPL (Multi-path extension of RPL) is proposed, which aims to provide temporary multiple paths during congestion over a single routing path. Congestion is primarily detected using buffer size and packet delivery ratio at forwarding nodes. Congestion is mitigated by creating partially disjoint multiple paths and by avoiding forwarding of packets through the congested node. Detailed simulation analysis of M-RPL against RPL in both grid and random topologies shows that M-RPL successfully mitigates congestion and it enhances overall network throughput.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제21권8호
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• pp.342-352
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• 2021

Multicast Routings is a big challenge due to limitations such as node power and bandwidth Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET). The path to be chosen from the source to the destination node requires protocols. Multicast protocols support group-oriented operations in a bandwidth-efficient way. While several protocols for multi-cast MANETs have been evolved, security remains a challenging problem. Consequently, MANET is required for high quality of service measures (QoS) such infrastructure and application to be identified. The goal of a MANETs QoS-aware protocol is to discover more optimal pathways between the network source/destination nodes and hence the QoS demands. It works by employing the optimization method to pick the route path with the emphasis on several QoS metrics. In this paper safe routing is guaranteed using the Secured Multicast Routing offered in MANET by utilizing the Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) technique to integrate the QOS-conscious route setup into the route selection. This implies that only the data transmission may select the way to meet the QoS limitations from source to destination. Furthermore, the track reliability is considered when selecting the best path between the source and destination nodes. For the optimization of the best path and its performance, the optimized algorithm called the micro artificial bee colony approach is chosen about the probabilistic ant routing technique.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 제어로봇시스템학회 2005년도 ICCAS
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• pp.1846-1850
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• 2005

This paper presents a constrained-based routing (CBR) algorithm called, Dynamic Possible Path per Link (D-PPL) routing algorithm, for MultiProtocol Label Switching (MPLS) networks. In MPLS on-line routing, future traffics are unknown and network resource is limited. Therefore many routing algorithms such as Minimum Hop Algorithm (MHA), Widest Shortest Path (WSP), Dynamic Link Weight (DLW), Minimum Interference Routing Algorithm (MIRA), Profiled-Based Routing (PBR), Possible Path per Link (PPL) and Residual bandwidth integrated - Possible Path per Link (R-PPL) are proposed in order to improve network throughput and reduce rejection probability. MIRA is the first algorithm that introduces interference level avoidance between source-destination node pairs by integrating topology information or address of source-destination node pairs into the routing calculation. From its results, MIRA improves lower rejection probability performance. Nevertheless, MIRA suffer from its high routing complexity which could be considered as NP-Complete problem. In PBR, complexity of on-line routing is reduced comparing to those of MIRA, because link weights are off-line calculated by statistical profile of history traffics. However, because of dynamic of traffic nature, PBR maybe unsuitable for MPLS on-line routing. Also, both PPL and R-PPL routing algorithm we formerly proposed, are algorithms that achieve reduction of interference level among source-destination node pairs, rejection probability and routing complexity. Again, those previously proposed algorithms do not take into account the dynamic nature of traffic load. In fact, future traffics are unknown, but, amount of previous traffic over link can be measured. Therefore, this is the motivation of our proposed algorithm, the D-PPL. The D-PPL algorithm is improved based on the R-PPL routing algorithm by integrating traffic-per-link parameters. The parameters are periodically updated and are dynamically changed depended on current incoming traffic. The D-PPL tries to reserve residual bandwidth to service future request by avoid routing through those high traffic-per-link parameters. We have developed extensive MATLAB simulator to evaluate performance of the D-PPL. From simulation results, the D-PPL improves performance of MPLS on-line routing in terms of rejection probability and total throughput.