• Design & Manufacturing
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.65-70
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• 2020

Partial reinforcement of sheet metal parts with CFRP patch is a technology that can realize ultra-lightweight body parts while overcoming the high material cost of carbon fiber. Performing these patchworks with highly productive press equipment solves another issue of CFRP: high process costs. The A-pillar is the main body part and has an undercut shape for fastening with other parts such as roof panels and doors. Therefore, it is difficult to bond CFRP patches to the A-pillar with a general press forming tool. In this paper, a flexible system that applies uniform pressure to complex shapes using ceramic particles and silicone rubber is proposed. By benchmarking various A-pillars, a reference model with an undercut shape was designed, and the system was configured to realize a uniform pressure distribution in the model. The ceramic spherical particles failed to realize the uniform distribution of high pressure due to their high hardness and point contact characteristics, which caused damage to the CFRP patch. Compression equipment made of silicone rubber was able to achieve the required pressure level for curing the epoxy. Non-adhesion defects between the metal and the CFRP patch were confirmed in the area where the bending deformation occurred. This defect could be eliminated by optimizing the process conditions suitable for the newly developed flexible system.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.68.1-68.1
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• 2019

Turbulence plays a crucial role in controlling star formation as it produces density fluctuation as well as non-thermal pressure against gravity. Therefore, turbulence controls the mode and tempo of star formation. However, despite a plenty of previous studies, the properties of turbulence remain poorly understood. As part of the Taeduk Radio Astronomy Observatory (TRAO) Key Science Program (KSP), "mapping Turbulent properties In star-forming MolEcular clouds down to the Sonic scale (TIMES; PI: Jeong-Eun Lee)", we mapped the Orion A and the Ophiuchus clouds, in three sets of lines (13CO 1-0/C18O 1-0, HCN 1-0/HCO+ 1-0, and CS 2-1/N2H+ 1-0) with a high-velocity resolution (~0.1 km/s) using the TRAO 14-m telescope. The mean Trms for the observed maps are less than 0.25 K, and all these maps show uniform Trms values throughout the observed area. These homogeneous and high signal-to-noise ratio data provide the best chance to probe the nature of turbulence in two different star-forming clouds, the Orion A and Ophiuchus clouds. We present comparisons between the line intensities of different molecular tracers as well as the results of a Principal Component Analysis (PCA).

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.240-244
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• 2007

We investigated the diffraction grating efficiency by the Diode Pumped Solid State(DPSS 532 nm) laser beam wavelength to improve the diffraction efficiency on $As_{40}Ge_{10}Se_{15}S_{35},\;Ag/As_{40}Ge_{10}Se_{15}S_{35}$ and $As_{40}Ge_{10}Se_{15}S_{35}/Ag/As_{40}Ge_{10}Se_{15}S_{35}$ thin film. Diffraction efficiency was obtained from DPSS laser, used (P:P)polarized laser beam on each thin films. As a result, for the laser beam intensity in $0.24mW/cm^2$, single $As_{40}Ge_{10}Se_{15}S_{35}$ thin film shows the highest value of 0.161% diffraction efficiency at 300 s and for laser beam intensity in $2.4mW/cm^2$, it was recorded with the fastest speed of 50 s(0.013%), which the diffraction grating forming speed is faster than that of $0.24mW/cm^2$ beam. $Ag/As_{40}Ge_{10}Se_{15}S_{35}$ double layer and $As_{40}Ge_{10}Se_{15}S_{35}/Ag/As_{40}Ge_{10}Se_{15}S_{35}$ multi-layered thin film also show the faster grating forming speed at $2.4mW/cm^2$ and higher value of diffraction efficiency at $0.24mW/cm^2$.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.55-68
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• 1999

A muti-lamellar emulsion containing a pseudoceramide, N-Ethanol-2-myristyl/ palmityl-3-oxostearmide/arachidamide(PC-9) has been prepared and its efficacy evaluation has been investigated. In order to prepare a muti-lamellar emulsion, first, the gram ratios of PC-9, fatty acid and cholesterol on the phase diagram to be capable of forming their lamellar liquid crystal structures were determined and secondly, the multi-lamellar emulsion was preprared using glyceryl monostearate and polyoxyethylene glyceryl monosteartate as emulsifers together with above mentioned pseudo-stratum corneum lipid components. Besides natural oils such as olive oil had a tendency to build up the multi-lamellar emulsion. And according as the amount of oil increased in the emulsion, it was observed that the optical anisotropy of “Maltese Cross” which was a typical configuration of multi-lamella mesophase texture diminished. In the dried state of the multi-lamella emulsion, it was examined to transform its emulsion phase into a lamella liquid crystal one. And finally, when the emulsion was applied into a human skin, it was investigated that it had effectiveness in reducing transepidermal water loss (TEWL) of the skin.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.59-69
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• 2018

In this paper, we present a robust beamforming design to tackle the weighted sum-rate maximization (WSRM) problem in a multicell multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) - non-orthogonal multipleaccess (NOMA) downlink system for 5G wireless communications. This work consider the imperfectchannel state information (CSI) at the base station (BS) by adding uncertainties to channel estimation matrices as the worst-case model i.e., singular value uncertainty model (SVUM). With this observation, the WSRM problem is formulated subject to the transmit power constraints at the BS. The objective problem is known as on-deterministic polynomial (NP) problem which is difficult to solve. We propose an robust beam forming design which establishes on majorization minimization (MM) technique to find the optimal transmit beam forming matrix, as well as efficiently solve the objective problem. In addition, we also propose a joint user clustering and power allocation (JUCPA) algorithm in which the best user pair is selected as a cluster to attain a higher sum-rate. Extensive numerical results are provided to show that the proposed robust beamforming design together with the proposed JUCPA algorithm significantly increases the performance in term of sum-rate as compared with the existing NOMA schemes and the conventional orthogonal multiple access (OMA) scheme.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.100-107
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) isolation by the magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) method in tendon tissue-derived cells compared to the colony picking method for isolation of MSCs by picking colony-forming cells. Materials and Methods: Human tendon-derived cells were isolated by enzyme digestion using normal tendon tissues from three donors. We used the magnetic kit and well-known MSC markers (CD90 or CD105) to isolate MSCs in tendon-derived cells using MACS. Cloning cylinders were used to isolate colony-forming cells having MSC characteristics in tendon-derived cells. Colony-forming unit-fibroblast (CFU-F) assay was used to evaluate the self-renewal capacity of cells isolated using the colony picking method or MACS. For comparison of differentiation potentials into osteogenic or adipogenic lineage between two groups, alizarin red S and oil red O staining were performed at 14 days after induction of differentiation in vitro. Results: Flow cytometry results showed that early passage tendon-derived cells expressed CD44 in 99.13%, CD90 in 56.51%, and CD105 in 86.19%. In the CFU-F assay, CD90+ or CD105+ cells isolated with MACS showed larger colony formation in size than cells isolated using the colony picking method. We also observed that CD90+ or CD105+ cells were constantly differentiated into both osteogenic and adipogenic lineages in cells from all donors, whereas cells isolated using the colony picking method were heterogeneous in differentiation potentials to the osteogenic and adipogenic lineages. Conclusion: CD90+ or CD105+ cells isolated using MACS showed superior MSC characteristics in the self-renewal and multi-differentiation capacities compared with cells isolated using the colony picking method.

• Journal of Surface Science and Engineering
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.287-293
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• 2009

The passivation films with epoxy layer on LiF, $SiN_x$ and LiF/$SiN_x$ inorganic layer were fabricated on OLED to protect device from the direct damage of $O_2$ and $H_2O$ and to apply for a buffer layer between OLED device and passivation multi-layer with organic/inorganic hybrid structure as to diminish the thermal stress and expansion. Red OLED doped with 1 vol.% Rubrene in $Alq_3$ was used as a basic device. The device structure was multi-layer of ITO(150 nm) / ELM200_HIL(50 nm) / ELM002_HTL(30 nm) / $Alq_3$: 1 vol.% Rubrene(30 nm) / $Alq_3$(30 nm) / LiF(0.7 nm) / Al(100 nm). LiF/epoxy applied as a protective layer didn't contribute to the improvement of life time. While in case of $SiN_x$/epoxy, damage was done in the passivation process because of difference in heat expansion between films which could occur during the formation of epoxy film. Using LiF/$SiN_x$/epoxy improved lifetime significantly without suffering damage in the process of forming films, therefore, the best structure of passivation film with inorganic/epoxy layers was LiF/$SiN_x$/E1.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.251-260
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• 2020

In this paper, we propose to understand the conceptual structure of programming elements that learners form during the prototyping theory. To do this, we reviewed previous studies on the meaning of conception and prototype theory and conducted a course of problem-solving programming for 33 university students who had no prior experience in programming, and collected transcription materials through conceptual metaphorical writing. The conclusions of this study are as follows: 1) Identifying the conceptual structure of learners as a conceptual metaphor can enhance the effectiveness of programming education. 2) Learners need to reinforce the experience of forming abstract attributes to form mature programming concepts. 3) The concept of programming differs in the structure of multi-level concepts that students, teachers, and professional programmers have in each group. 4) Programming elements should intentionally block misconception risks in the meaning of symbols. 5) Concept evaluation tools should be developed to check whether various attributes can be applied.

• Journal of Advanced Navigation Technology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.50-58
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• 2007

In this paper, the optimum position of optical phase conjugator (OPC) and the optimal dispersion coefficients of fiber sections in $16{\times}40$ Gbps WDM system with non zero - dispersion shifted fiber (NZ-DSF) of 1,000 km are induced, in order to expand the availability of mid-span spectral inversion (MSSI) technique in long-haul multi-channel transmission systems. It is confirmed that the compensation degrees of overall WDM channels are more improved by applying the induced optimal parameters into WDM system than those in WDM system with the conventional MSSI. So it is expected that the proposed optimal parameters should alternate with the forming method of the symmetrical distributions of optical power and local dispersion with respect to OPC, which generate a serious problem in the applying OPC into multi-channels WDM system if it is not formed. It will be possible to realize the flexible system design by applying the methods proposed in this paper into the real WDM system with OPC.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.255-261
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• 2010

Pluronic as pharmaceutical excipients are listed in the US and British Pharmacopoeia. In particular, Pluronics exist as different compositions and display abundant phases as self-assembling into polymeric micelles with various morphologies depending on the aqueous solvent quality, the composition of structure, and hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB). Pluronics were also known as a P-gp modulator, which was exploited as a reversal molecule of multi-drug resistant (MDR) cancers. We selected a lamella forming Pluronic L92 which has high hydrophobicity and relatively long PEO block among L series of Pluronics. The dispersion of L92 showed great size particles and low stability. To increase the stability and to decrease the particle size, secondary Pluronics (F68, F88, F98, F127, P85, P105, and P123) with relatively long PEO chain were added into 0.1 wt% Pluronic L92 dispersion. The stability of binary systems was increased due to incorporated long PEO chain. Their particle sizes slightly decreased to over 200~400 nm and their solubilization capacity of binary systems didn't change except Pluronic L92/P123 mixtures. The L92/P123 systems showed ca. 100 nm sizes and lowest turbidity among the all systems. The solubilization capacity of 0.1 wt% L92/0.1 wt% P123 was slightly increased compared to 0.1 wt% L92 mono system and other binary systems. These nano-sized binary systems may have potential as alternative drug delivery systems with simple preparation method and overcome the drawbacks of mono systems such as low stability and loading capacity.