• 지질공학
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.217-228
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• 2024

피압대수층은 이를 통과하는 대심도 시추에서 암편 배출 불능, 지하수의 급격한 공내 유입, 이수 손실 등의 문제를 야기한다. 특히 자분 조건일 경우 과압 공극압이 발생하여 적절한 이수 밀도의 적용이 필수적이다. 이 논문에서는 이수창 분석을 이용하여 피압대수층을 통과하는 시추 중 적정이수밀도(SMD)의 결정방법을 제시하고 이를 사례에 적용하여 적용성을 검토하였다. 심도별 이수창의 하한인 최소이수밀도는 해당 심도의 등가이수밀도 공극압 구배 또는 이에 이송 마진을 더하여 산정되며, 피압대수층의 공극압 구배는 피압지하수위 또는 정두압의 측정으로 구할 수 있다. 시추공이 피압대수층에 도달하면 공극압 구배가 급격히 증가하고, 심도가 증가할 수 록 점차 감소한다. 킥 발생을 방지하기 위한 SMD는 굴진 중인 공저 심도와 그 상부 나공 구간의 최소이수밀도 중 최대값으로 결정할 수 있으며, 피압대수층 진입 이후 SMD는 피압대수층 최상부의 최소이수밀도로서 나공 구간 시추 중 이를 유지하여야 한다. 또한 적절한 케이싱의 설치는 SMD를 낮출 수 있어 고투수성 대수층에 대한 이수 침입 또는 이수 손실의 위험을 감소시킬 수 있다.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.281-293
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• 2021

Uncertainties in geomechanical input parameters which mainly related to inappropriate data acquisition and estimation due to lack of sufficient calibration information, have led wellbore instability not yet to be fully understood or addressed. This paper demonstrates a workflow of employing Quantitative Risk Assessment technique, considering these uncertainties in terms of rock properties, pore pressure and in-situ stresses to makes it possible to survey not just the likelihood of accomplishing a desired level of wellbore stability at a specific mud pressure, but also the influence of the uncertainty in each input parameter on the wellbore stability. This probabilistic methodology in conjunction with Monte Carlo numerical modeling techniques was applied to a case study of a well. The response surfaces analysis provides a measure of the effects of uncertainties in each input parameter on the predicted mud pressure from three widely used failure criteria, thereby provides a key measurement for data acquisition in the future wells to reduce the uncertainty. The results pointed out that the mud pressure is tremendously sensitive to UCS and SHmax which emphasize the significance of reliable determinations of these two parameters for safe drilling. On the other hand, the predicted safe mud window from Mogi-Coulomb is the widest while the Hoek-Brown is the narrowest and comparing the anticipated collapse failures from the failure criteria and breakouts observations from caliper data, indicates that Hoek-Brown overestimate the minimum mud weight to avoid breakouts while Mogi-Coulomb criterion give better forecast according to real observations.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.201-210
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• 2022

This paper presents a study regarding the influence of various water levels on the characteristics of subgrade mud pumping through a self-developed test instrument. The characteristics of mud pumping are primarily reflected by axial strain, excess pore water pressure, and fine particle migration. The results show that the axial strain increases nonlinearly with an increase in cycles number; however, the increasing rate gradually decreases, thus, an empirical model for calculating the axial strain of the samples is presented. The excess pore water pressure increases rapidly first and then decreases slowly with an increase in cycles number. Furthermore, the dynamic stress within the soil first rapidly decreases and then eventually slows. The results indicate that the axial strain, excess pore water pressure, and the height and weight of the migrated fine particles decrease significantly with a low water level. In this study, when the water level is 50 mm lower than the subgrade soil surface, the issue of subgrade mud pumping no longer exist.

• 한국산업융합학회 논문집
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• 제23권4_2호
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• pp.617-626
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• 2020

The drilling mud is essentially used in oil and gas development. There are several roles of using the drilling mud, such as cleaning the bottomhole, cooling and lubricating the drill bit and string, transporting the cuttings to the surface, keeping and adjusting the wellbore pressure, and preventing the collapse of the wellbore. The fragments from rocks and micro-sized bubbles generated by the high pressure are mixed in the drilling mud. The systems to separate those mixtures and to keep the uniformly maintained quality of drilling mud are required. In this study, the simulation is conducted to verify the performance of the mud tank's agitation capacity. The primary role of the mud tank is the mixing of mud at the surface with controlling the mud condition. The container type is chosen as a mud tank pursuing efficient transport and better management of equipment. The single- and two-phase simulations about the agitation in the mud tank are performed to analyze and identify the inner flow behavior. The convergence of results is obtained for the vertical- and axis-direction velocity vector fields based on the grid-dependency tests. The mixing time analysis depending on the multiphase flow conditions indicates that the utilization of a two-stepped impeller with a smaller size provides less time for mixing. This study's results are expected to be utilized as the preliminary data to develop the mixing and integrating equipment of the onshore drilling mud system.

• 한국지반신소재학회논문집
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.183-194
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• 2017

지반을 굴착하여 시추공을 형성할 때 공벽을 중심으로 응력의 재분배가 이루어지고 이 때 시추 안정액을 활용하여 공벽에 응력의 평형을 이룸으로써 공벽의 안정성을 유지한다. 시추공 내에 주입하는 시추 안정액이 시추공의 안정성을 유지하기 위한 압력의 상한과 하한의 범위를 Mud window라고 정의하고 다양한 이론에 의해 계산된다. 본 연구에서는 수치해석을 활용하여 시추공의 안정성을 분석하여 Mud window를 작성하고 이론값과 비교 분석하여 모델링에 대한 검증을 수행하였다.

• 한국소음진동공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소음진동공학회 2012년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.762-763
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• 2012

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제31권12호
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• pp.71-76
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• 2015

최근 비개착 공법 중의 하나로 도심지에서 가스관이나 유틸리티관의 건설에서 수평굴착에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있다. 수평굴착에서 가장 문제가 되는 것 중에 하나는 굴착 시 굴착경의 안정성이다. 이러한 굴착경의 불안정은 지반 전체의 붕괴로 이어질 우려가 있기 때문이다. 본 연구에서는 유한요소 해석을 이용하여 굴착경의 보호를 위해 적용하는 점토압이 굴착경의 안전성에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 굴착경 바깥쪽으로 가해지는 점토압이 깊이별로 일정하게 적용되었을 경우와 굴착 깊이가 깊어짐에 따라 큰 점토압이 작용했을 경우로 나누어 그 안전성을 살펴보았다. 유한요소 해석결과 굴착경 입구(앝은깊이)에서의 큰 점토압은 굴착경의 조기 파괴를 가져왔다. 따라서 입구에는 작은 점토압, 굴착 심도가 깊은 곳에서는 큰 점토압이 요구된다. 본 연구를 통해 실제 수평굴착에서 굴착경의 안정성을 확보하기 위한 최대 점토압을 예측하는데 도움이 될 것으로 기대된다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제69권5호
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• pp.537-545
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• 2019

Stress analysis of bottom-hole rock has to be considered with much care to further understand rock fragmentation mechanism and high penetration rate. This original study establishes a fully coupled simulation model and explores the effects of overburden pressure, horizontal in-situ stresses, drilling mud pressure, pore pressure and temperature on the stress distribution in bottom-hole rock. The research finds that in air drilling, as the well depth increases, the more easily the bottom-hole rock is to be broken. Moreover, the mud pressure has a great effect on the bottom-hole rock. The bigger the mud pressure is, the more difficult to break the bottom-hole rock is. Furthermore, the maximum principal stress of the bottom-hole increases as the mud pressure, well depth and temperature difference increase. The bottom-hole rock can be divided into three main regions according to the stress state, namely a) three directions tensile area, b) two directions compression areas and c) three directions compression area, which are classified as a) easy, b) normal and c) hard, respectively, for the corresponding fragmentation degree of difficulty. The main contribution of this paper is that it presents for the first time a thorough study of the effect of related factors, including stress distribution and temperature, on the bottom-hole rock fracture rather than the well wall, using a thermo-poroelastoplasticity model.

• Advances in environmental research
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.159-171
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• 2017

A successful oil well drilling depends largely on a good mud Program. During drilling, mud provides sufficient hydrostatic pressure, removes drill cuttings and cools drill bits. Mud additives are always required to provide sufficient hydrostatic pressure to ensure borehole stability. Barium Sulphate ($BaSO_4$) also known as barite is the prevalent weighting material but there is needed to develop local materials to augment the use of Barite. The present search is concerned on the early Carboniferous succession exposed in Um Bogma Formation, west central Sinai, Egypt as a new weighting agent in drilling fluids. The increases in the cost of drilling fluids and a shortage of using barite have introduced the locale dolomite as alternative weighting materials. The rheological properties of mud drilling samples weighted by local dolomite samples are being examined and investigated to know its potential to be used as a weighting material in drilling mud. Two mud samples were prepared which comprised of fresh water, caustic soda, bentonite and the weighting material. The weighting materials are added to achieve the required density. The first sample: Water-based mud with commercial barite of density between 10.00 lb/gm and 18.00 lb/gm. The second sample: Water-based mud with dolomite of density between 10.00 lb/gm and 18.00 lb/gm. These samples were analyzed and the density, rheological properties, aging of barite and dolomite and solid contents were investigated. At 10.00 lb/gm, the yield point of dolomite was $20.00lb/100ft^2$ and barite $22.00lb/100ft^2$ while the 10 second gel strength of dolomite was $30.00lb/100ft^2$ and $22.00lb/100ft^2$ for barite. Similarly, little difference was observed in plastic and apparent viscosities. At 10.00 lb/gm, the plastic and apparent viscosities of dolomite were 8.00 cp and 20.00 cp while barite was 8.00 cp and 24.00 cp. The result show that dolomite mud sample gave a little higher yield point and gel strength than barite mud sample. Therefore, dolomite has the potential to be used as weighting material in drilling mud in place of barite thereby enhancing the local content initiative of the government. When dolomite is sourced locally and used it will reduce overall mud and drilling costs.

• 지구물리와물리탐사
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.204-213
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• 2008

2006년 시추되었으며 굴착 시 연약층 붕괴 및 공경수축 등의 잦은 시추공 불안정을 보인 포항 심부 지열 시추공(BH-4, 최종심도: 2,383m)의 안정성에 대해 분석하였다. 안정성 분석을 위해 현장응력과 암석강도를 고려하여 최적이 수압력을 산정한 결과 최적이수압력의 상한은 연직응력으로, 하한은 붕괴압력 또는 공극수압으로 나타났으며, 암종에 따라 매우 다른 범위를 보였다. 시추공 최상부의 반고결 이암 구간은 이수압력의 조절만으로는 공의 붕괴를 방지할 수 없는 조건으로 나타났으며 그 하부의 일부 암종(염기성 암맥, 결정질 응회암)에서는 붕괴압력이 정수압보다 $50{\sim}60%$ 높게 나타났다. 즉 이러한 구간에서는 정수압에 해당하는 이수밀도(0.98 g/$cm^3$)를 사용 시 과도한 공벽 붕괴가 발생할 수 있기 때문에 이수밀도를 1.5 g/$cm^3$ 이상으로 증가시켜 굴착해야 시추공 안정성을 확보할 수 있다.