• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.1179-1185
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• 2008

The immune-stimulating activities of Bordetella bronchiseptica antigens containing dermonecrotoxin (BBD) loaded in chitosan microspheres (CMs) have already been reported in vitro and in vivo with a mouse alveolar macrophage cell line (RAW264.7) and mice. Therefore, this study attempted to demonstrate the successful induction of mucosal immune responses after the intranasal administration of BBD loaded in CMs (BBD-CMs) in colostrum-deprived pigs. The BBD was introduced to the CMs using an ionic gelation process involving tripolyphosphate (TPP). Colostrum-deprived pigs were then directly immunized through intranasal administration of the BBD-CMs. A challenge with a field isolate of B. bronchiseptica was performed ten days following the final immunization. The BBD-specific IgG and IgA titers, evident in the nasal wash and serum from the vaccinated pigs, increased with time (p<0.05). Following the challenge, the clinical signs of infection were about 6-fold lower in the vaccinated pigs compared with the nonvaccinated pigs. The grades for gross morphological changes in the turbinate bones from the vaccinated pigs were also significantly lower than the grades recorded for the nonvaccinated pigs (p<0.001). Therefore, the mucosal and systemic immune responses induced in the current study would seem to indicate that the intranasal administration of BBD-CMs may be an effective vaccine against atrophic rhinitis in pigs.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.131-142
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• 2004

In recent years, adjuvants have received much attention because of the development of purified subunit and synthetic vaccines which are poor immunogens and require adjuvants to evoke the immune response. Therefore, immunologic adjuvants have been developed and testing for most of this century. During the last years much progress has been made on development, isolation and chemical synthesis of alternative adjuvants such as derivatives of muramyl dipeptide, monophosphoryl lipid A, liposomes, QS-21, MF-59 and immunostimulating complexes (ISCOMS). Biodegradable polymer microspheres are being evaluated for targeting antigens on mucosal surfaces and for controlled release of vaccines with an aim to reduce the number of doses required for primary immunization. The most common adjuvants for human use today are aluminum hydroxide and aluminum phosphate. Calcium phosphate and oil emulsions have been also used in human vaccination. The biggest issue with the use of adjuvants for human vaccines is the toxicity and adverse side effects of most of the adjuvant formulations. Other problems with the development of adjuvants include restricted adjuvanticity of certain formulations to a few antigens, use of aluminum adjuvants as reference adjuvant preparations under suboptimal conditions, non-availability of reliable animal models, use of non-standard assays and biological differences between animal models and humans leading to the failure of promising formulations to show adjuvanticity in clinical trials. The availability of hundreds of different adjuvants has prompted a need for identifying rational standards for selection of adjuvant formulations based on safety and sound immunological principles for human vaccines. The aim of the present review is to put the recent findings into a broader perspective to facilitate the application of these adjuvants in general and experimental vaccinology.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.146-151
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• 2011

Streptococcus pneumoniae remains a leading cause of invasive infections including bacteremia and meningitis, as well as mucosal infections such as otitis media and pneumonia among children and adults. The 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) was licensed for use among infants and young children in many countries including Korea. The routine use of PCV7 has resulted in a decreased incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) by the vaccine serotypes among the vaccinees and substantial declines in IPD among unvaccinated populations such as older children and adults as well. In addition, there are increasing evidences to suggest that routine immunization with PCV7 is changing the epidemiology of pneumococcal diseases such as serotype distribution of IPD, nasopharyngeal colonization, and antibiotic resistance patterns. In contrast, there is an increase in the number of IPDs caused by nonvaccine serotypes, though it is much smaller than overall declines of vaccine serotype diseases. Several vaccines containing additional serotypes have been developed and tested clinically in order to expand the range of serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Recently two new pneumococcal protein conjugate vaccines, 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13), have been approved for use in several countries including Korea. This report summarizes the recommendations approved by the Committee on Infectious Diseases, the Korean Pediatric Society.