• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.406-420
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of Chlorhexidine, Listerine and hypertonic saline mouthrinse without periodontal pack during 2 weeks following periodontal surgery. Twelve patients were treated with modified Widman flap procedures. Each fourth patients assigned to chlorhexidine mouthrinse group, Listerine mouthrinse group and control group. Each group wasn't significant difference in clinical and microbiologic parameters at preoperation. Examination regarding plaque index, gingival index, pocket depth, change of gingival color postsurgically, pain index and contrast phase microscope were performed. Evaluations were made at the first, the second and the fourth weeks postsurgically. The results were as follows: 1. Chlorhexidine mouthrinse group and Listerine mouthrinse group were significantly different in plaque index at the first, the second and the fourth weeks 2. The pocket depth of three groups were significantly reduced at the fourth weeks. 3. Chlorhexidine mouthrinse group and Listerine mouthrinse group were significantly different in change of gingival color at the first week. 4. Cocci and non-motile rods were increased at the first and the second weeks. But, motile rods and spirochete were increased at the fourth weeks.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.195-204
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• 2004

A novel glucanhydrolase from Lipomyces starkeyi KSM 22 has been suggested as a promising anti-plaque agent because it has been shown to have additional amylase activity and mutanase activity besides dextranase activity and to strongly bind to hydroxyapatite. Mouthrinsing with Lipomyces starkeyi KSM 22 glucanhydrolase solution was comparable to 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthwash in inhibition of plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation and local side effects were less frequent and less intense in human experimental gingivitis. In this study, Lipomyces starkeyi KSM 22 glucanhydrolase mouthrinses (1 and 2 unit/ml) were compared with a control mouthrinse (commercial 0.01% benzethonium chloride mouthrinse, $Caregargle^{(R)}$, Hanmi Pharmaceuticals) in the ability to inhibit plaque formation. A 3-replicate clinical trial using 4-day plaque regrowth model was used. Fifteen volunteers were rendered plaque-free on the 1st day of each study period, ceased toothcleansing, and rinsed 2X daily with allocated mouthrinse thereafter. On day 5, plaque accumulation was scored and the washout periods was 9 days for the next trial. Lipomyces starkeyi KSM22 glucanhydrolase(1 unit and 2 unit)- containing mouthrinse resulted in Significantly lower plaque formation in plaque area and thickness, compared to the control mouthrinse. There was no significant difference in plaque inhibition between enzyme-mouthrinses at 2 different concentrations used. This glucanhydrolase- containing mouthwash resulted in significantly lower plaque area severity index score and tended to have lower plaque thickness severity index score than those of control mouthrinse. But there was no significant difference according to the enzyme concentration. From these results, Lipomyces starkeyi KSM 22 glucanhydrolase-containing benzethonium chloride mouthrinse has greater anti-plaque effect than the commercial mouthrinse alone. Therefore this glucanhydrolase preparation is a promising agent for new mouthwash formulation in the near future.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.84-93
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• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of an essential oil mouthrinse with gingival massage on oral health in community indwelling elderly. Method: The subjects were composed of 61 healthy elderly at a Senior Welfare Center in J city. Thirty subjects in the experimental group were given toothbrushing education ongingival massage toothbrushing with an essential oil mouthrinse for 2 weeks(4 times per day, 3 minutes per session). The 31 subjects in the control group were given toothbrushing education ongingival massage toothbrushing. The effects of the treatment were measured by salivary pH, salivary IgA level, halitosis, oral subjective symptoms, and oral self care behavior scores before, right after and 2 weeks after the experiment. Results: Salivary pH was significantly increased(p=0.018) in the experimental group. Salivary IgA levels were not significantly different between the experimental and control groups; however, IgA levels of the experimental group were significantly increased(p=0.006) after time had passed. Halitosis was significantly decreased(p=0.002) in the experimental group. Oral subjective symptom scores were significantly decreased(p=0.000) and oral self care behavior scores were significantly increased(p=0.000) in the experimental group. Conclusion: Regular gingival massage toothbrushing with an essential oil mouthrinse could be an effective oral health nursing intervention for the elderly.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.371-378
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• 2010

The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of essential oil mouthrinse and interdental brush for oral hygiene in orthodontic patient. 90 patients, with fixed orthodontic appliances, were divided into 3 groups(Group 1: patients who had only used toothbrush, group 2: toothbrush + essential oil mouthrinse, group 3: toothbrush + interdental brush). Then, plaque index(PI) and gingival index(GI) were evaluated at before(T0), 3 weeks after(Tl) and 6 weeks after(T2) the experiment. The present study revealed the following conclusions: (1) There was statistically significant decrease in PI and GI of groups 2 and 3 comparing to those of group 1 during 6 weeks.(p<0.05) (2) There was no significant difference in the level of decrease in PI and GI between group 2 and group 3.(p<0.05) The present study thus implied that use of mechanical or chemical aid such as interdental brush and mouth rinse in addition to toothbrushing may help maintaining oral hygiene in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment for prolonged duration.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.33-38
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• 2012

Purpose: The goal of this study was to evaluate the clinical anitplaque and antigingivitis effects of a mouthrinse containing cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), triclosan and dipotassium glycyrrhizinate (DPZ) in patients with gingivitis and mild periodontitis. Methods: Thirty-two subjects were randomized into 2 groups. The test group used a mouthrinse containing 0.05% CPC, 0.02% triclosan and 0.02% DPZ, while the control group used a placebo mouthrinse. At baseline, 2 weeks and 4 weeks, the papillary bleeding index (PBI), Turesky-Quigley-Hein plaque index (PI) and L$\ddot{o}$e-Silness gingival index (GI) were assessed. During the experimental period, the patients used the mouthrinse for 30 seconds, 4 to 5 times/day (10 mL/time) within 30 minutes after toothbrushing. Results: No adverse effects appeared in either the experimental or the control group. Regarding PBI, PI and GI values, statistical significance was detected between values at baseline and 2 weeks for both groups (P<0.05). In the experimental group, statistically significantly lower values were detected at 4 weeks compared to at 2 weeks. However, in the control group, no statistically significant difference was detected between the values at 2 weeks and 4 weeks. Additionally, the mean value after 4 weeks for the control group was slightly higher than the mean value after 2 weeks for the control group. Conclusions: This study for 4 weeks demonstrated that mouthrinses containing CPC, triclosan and DPZ may contribute to the reduction of supragingival plaque and gingivitis.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.271-282
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• 1994

Active treatment of periodontal disease consists of plaque control by the patient, with root planing and surgery perfomed by the dental practitioner. Chlorhexidine rinse has been the most effective antiplaque agent available today and tetracycline has been the most favored antibiotics. Therefore, the purpose of this study was compared the different effect among groups(saline mouthrinse[group I], 0.125% chlorhexidine mouthrinse [groupII], and 0.125% chlorhexidine mouthrinse containing tetracycline[groupIII]) during the immediate post periodontal therapy. We assessed plaque index, gingival index, papillary bleediing index, gingival crevicular volume, periodontal attachment loss, and periodontal pocket depth in 3 sites per subject. The assessment was made at baseline. At 1 week after scaling, and at 2 weeks after curettage. All groups were clinically and statistically reduced plaque score, gingival score, papillary bleeding score, and gingival crevicular volume at 2 weeks after curettage. Group II was significantly reduced periodontal pocket depth.(P<0.05) At 1 week after scaling, al clinical index scores were reduced but not singificantly difference between the groups.(p>0.05) At 2 weeks after curettage, plaque score, gingival score and papillary bleeding score were significantly difference between the groups.(P<0.05) During the experimental period, gingiva was not damaged and stain of the tongue or teeth were not noted in all groups.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.601-608
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• 2007

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of mouthrinse products containing deep sea water. We used original deep sea water(DSW) and processed deep sea water desalinated by reverse osmosis at one time(DDW-1), by reverse osmosis at two times(DDW-2) and concentrated by reverse osmosis(CDW). We made 2 kinds of mouthrinse products containing CDW and other agents for smell and taste and one product without deep sea water. The negative control was distilled water. In vivo study, the dental plaque index scores and the gingival index scores were reduced after 4 weeks mouthrinsing three times daily with 4 kinds of deep sea water and 3 kinds of mouthrinse products(p<0.05). The pH of dental plaque in 1 minute after mouthrinsing was not higher than 5.5 in all solutions, but the pH in 20 minutes after mouthrinsing was higher than 5.7 in DSW, CDW and 3 kinds of products which had higher mineral contents. In vitro study, the mouthrinse solutions containing the higher mineral contents were also the more effective in reduction of methyl mercaptan which is one of the causes of halitosis. The 2 kinds of products containing deep sea water killed Streptococcus mutans(ATCC 25175) in culture plates in one minute. These results indicate the usability of deep sea water in mouthrinses for oral hygiene management.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.303-310
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• 2009

Purpose: The aerosol generated by ultrasonic scaler can contain bacteria or virus which can penetrate into body through respiratory systems of dentists, dental hygienist or patients. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of chlorhexidine digluconate as preoperative mouthrinse or lavage for ultrasonic scaler on the reduction of viable organisms in aerosol produced during periodontal treatment using ultrasonic scaler. Methods: 30 patients with moderate chronic periodontitis were included and divided into 3 groups: Control (no preoperative mouthrinse and tap water as lavage), CHG (preoperative mouthrinse with 0.1% chlorhexidine digluconate and tap water as lavage), CHL (no preoperative mouthrinse and 0.1% chlorhexidine digluconate as lavage). Each patient received scaling or subgingival curettage for 30 min. In CHG group, mouthrinse with chlorhexidine digluconate was performed for 1 min. before treatment. Before, during and after scaling or subgingival curettage, air sampling was performed for 7 min. each (1000 L/7 min.) with trypticase-soy agar plate. Agar plates were incubated in $37^{\circ}C$ aerobically. The numbers of colony-forming units (CFU) were counted and compared. Results: The numbers of CFUs of the samples obtained during treatment were $97{\pm}14.0$ in control, $73.1{\pm}14.9$ in CHG group and $44.5{\pm}9.0$ in CHL group. The difference among the 3 groups was determined to be statistically significant (one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni's correction, p-value: 0.0003). In contrast, the numbers of CFU of samples obtained before and after treatment were not significantly different among the groups. Conclusions: Chlorhexidine digluconate used as preoperative mouthrinse or lavage for ultrasonic scaler can reduce the microorganisms in aerosol produced during periodontal treatment using ultrasonic scaler. Less number of microorganisms were detected when chlorhexidine was used as lavage for ultrasonic scaler.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.631-646
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to access the clinical effects of C31G, Listerine and CPC on the earlyx periodontitis when they were used as a adjunctives to the mechanical plaque control. Each groups were composed of 12 patients and in three test groups, C31G(Exp 1 group), Listerine(Exp 2 group) and CPC mouthrinse(Exp 3 group) were used three times a day. and as a control, placebo solution was used. Plaque index, gingival index, bleeding index, pocket depth and loss of attachment were measured as clinical parameters. After scaling and oral hygiene instruction, root planing is done two weeks later. During the eight weeks of experimental period, mouth gargling is done by all groups. The changes in the clinical parameters of the all sites were monitored every two weeks. The results were as follows : 1. The plaque index showed a siginificant difference in Exp 1 group compared with test 2 group after 2 weeks use of mouth rinse(P<0.05). 2. The gingival index showed a significant difference in Exp 1 group compared with baseline value(P<0.05) but there was no significant difference between the groups after 2 weeks use of mouthrinse (P<0.05). 3. The plaque index, gingival index and bleeding index showed a significant difference in all groups compared with baseline value after 4 weeks of root planing and mouthrinse use(P<0.05). but there was no significant difference between the groups(P<0.05). 4. Periodontal pocket depth showed a significant difference in all groups compared with baseline value after 4 weeks of root planing and mouthrinse use(P<0.05). and there was significant difference between the Exp 1 group and control group(P<0.05). 5. Loss of attachment showed a significant difference in all Exp groups compared with baseline value after 4 weeks of root planing and mouthrinse use(P<0.05). and there was significant difference between the Exp 1 group and control group(P<0.05). The results suggest that C31G, Listerine and CPC were effective for early periodontitis as a adjunctive to mechanical plaqe control.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.200-207
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• 2017

PURPOSE. In this study, three bioceramic materials, [IPS Empress CAD (Ivoclar), IPS e.max CAD (Ivoclar), and Lava Ultimate CAD (3M ESPE)] were treated with three commercial mouthrinses [Listerine, Tantum Verde, and Klorhex]; and changes in colour reflectance and surface roughness values were then quantitatively assessed. MATERIALS AND METHODS. One hundred and twenty ceramic samples, with dimensions of $2{\times}12{\times}14mm$, were prepared and divided into nine sample groups, except three control samples. The samples were immersed in the mouthrinse solutions for 120 hrs, and changes in colour reflectance and surface roughness values were measured by UV light spectrophotometry (Vita Easyshade; VITA Zahnfabrik) and by profilometer device (MitutoyoSurftest SJ-301), respectively. The change of surface roughness was inspected by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). RESULTS. There was a positive correlation between the ${\Delta}E$ and increase in the surface roughness. Two of the ceramic materials, IPS Empress and Lava Ultimate, were affected significantly by the treatment of the mouthrinse solutions (P<.05). The most affecting solution was Tantum Verde and the most affected material was Lava Ultimate. As expected, the most resistant material to ${\Delta}E$ and chemical corrosion was IPS e max CAD among the materials used. CONCLUSION. This work implied that mouthrinse with lower alcohol content had less deteriorating effect on colour and on the surface morphology of the bioceramic materials.