• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2016.05a
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• pp.330-330
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• 2016

The quantification of dry season evaporation in regions, where the magnitude of dry season flows is key to the regional water supply, is essential for good water management. Also, tree transpiration has a significant role in the water balance of a catchment whenever it is tree populated, especially in water limited environments. Such is the case in the Middle Mountains of Nepal where dry season flows play a significant role in downstream water provisioning and their proper functioning is key to the welfare of millions of people. This research seeks to study the transpiration of a pine forest stand in the Jikhu Khola Watershed in the Middle Mountains of Nepal. To the author's knowledge, no single study has been made so far to estimate the dry season evaporation from the planted forest stand in the Middle Mountains of Nepal. The study was carried out in planted pine forest embedded within the Jikhu Khola Catchment. Field campaigns of sap flow measurements were carried out from September, 2010 to February, 2011 in the selected plot of 15*15m dimension, to characterize dry season evaporation. This was done by measuring sap fluxes and sapwood areas over the six trees of different Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) classes. The sap flux was assessed using Granier's thermal dissipation probe (TDP) technique while sapwood area was determined using several incremental core(s) taken with a Pressler borer and immediately dyeing with methyl orange for estimating the actual depth of sapwood area. Transpiration of the plot was estimated by considering the contribution of each tree class. For this purpose, sap flux density, sapwood area and the proportion of total canopy area were determined for each tree class of the selected plot. From these data, hourly and diurnal transpiration rates for the plot were calculated for experimental period. Finally, Cienciala model was parameterized using the data recorded by the ADAS and other terrain data collected in the field. The calibrated model allowed the extrapolation of Sap flux density (v) over a six month period, from September 2010 to February 2011. The model given sap flux density was validated with the measured sap flux density from Grainier method.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture Conference
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• 2007.10b
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• pp.19-29
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• 2007

The making of mountains and waters are recognized as essential to traditional Chinese landscapes and it is this concept that guided the Beijing Olympic Landscape, "Axis to Nature". The Olympic landscape extends the central axis of Beijing north until it is punctuated by the Forest Park Hill and dissipated by Forest Park Lake. Traditional landscape gardens, paintings, and poetry were researched and the plan assessed by eminent scholars and experts to conceive and construct an ecological park that features unique design and traditional Chinese landscape art.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.77-84
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• 2000

Kurye-gun, which Hwaeomsa temple is located, has huge scale's geographical characteristics, such as mountains, rivers and open fields. This is really blessing area because of Som-jin river at the bottom of Ghiri mountain and open fields, which this situation is very difficult. The location of Hwaeomsa temple is an end of The Baek-Doo Mountains and very important spot(where influences to its geometric converge) of the theory of feng-shui. On exposure logic of the Korean traditional theory of feng-shui, the organization in Ga-Ram of Hwaeomsa temple is inconsistent with representative theory and analyzing system. So, this is one of successful examples with the theory of feng-shui because exhalation from the earth and water was organized well with accuracy.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.5_2
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• pp.206-213
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• 2010

This paper looks into how to preserve Gyeongju's natural environment and to restore its historic landscaping works, one of the greate factor that compose ancient city as a way of wisely preserving Gyeongju, one of the oldest cities of Korea. Gyeongju, a city based in its natural environment, is formated inside of a basin of mountains and streams. Mountains and streams are the major two factors when on thinks of preserving the ancient city of Gyeongju. Four mountains surrounding the city play a direct role in marking coordinates of major city landmarks, while streams influence the structure and formation of the city in a great deal. More precisely, mountains should be able to be seen from the center of the city and streams should be restored in a way that they can serve as scenic identities of their time. Efforts should also be put into restoring such elements as ancient gardens, royal forests and water ways. The research team believes that such efforts themselves will be a great methods in reclaiming historic values and significance of places of Gyeongju. Restoring an ancient city is not limited merely restoring a city in an artificial concept, it reaches to preserving natural environment as a backdrop of the city and traces of landscaping works. When it comes to restoring an ancient city, one must understand that preserving natural environment and historic landscaping works are as valuable as restoring city structure or constructional elements. We believe that defining subjects of ancient city restoration must be more precise, clear and detail down the road.

• Journal of the Speleological Society of Korea
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• no.69
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• pp.49-60
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• 2005

This Study is about the wetlands in the GyunggiDo Mountains. It is written in the point of the hydrogeomorphology, geology, and soil. And it has accessed to ecological environment. Wetlands are divided into mountain wetlands and river wetlands by location, relief, processes, hydrology, and the type of inlet and outlet of water in wetlands. Mostly mountain wetlands are formed by the process of destruction of mountain slope. So they are to be located in the knickpoint. Therefore the underground surface is visible and underground water is rising or leaking. At this process, the environment forming wetlands are made by soil that was influenced by geology and composed by fine and very fine granules.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.300-312
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• 2004

The geomorphological environment of Suwon Basin consists of two great elements: mountains which surround the basin and plains and low relief hills by differential erosion of granitic area. Nothern and eastern parts of the basin surround with gneissic mountains(Mt. Kwangkyo), southern and western parts of the basin with granitic mountains(Mt. Chilbo, etc). The basin developed on granitic saprolites is composed of two types of sub-order geomorphic elements: flood plains alongside four river(Whangkuji-chon, Seoho-chon, Suwon-chon, Wonchonri-chon) and aligned hills and mounts between the river side plains. While the low down lands provided the spatial condition for the extention of downtown of Suwon, the gneissic mountains have played the positive roles by high ecological dam effects with stable supply of water and purification of air, etc.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.67-73
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• 2007

Anhui Province, with a total north-south length of 570km and an east-west width of 450km and a total area of 139.6 thousand km2, accounts for 1.45% of China's total area. The landform and land feature of Anhui Province is diverse, and generally it can be divided into 5 natural regions: (1) Huaibei Plain; (2) Jianghuai Hillocks; (3) Dabie Mountains in the West of Anhui Province; (4) Yanjiang Plain, (5) Mountain Area of southern Anhui Province. Anhui Province is located in the transitional zone of warm and humid zone and subtropical zone, and its mean annual precipitation is 800-1800mm. The province, which has diverse climate, multiple land forms and many rivers and lakes, passes three basins (Huaihe River, Yangtze River and Xin'an River) and has large differences in the time distribution and regional distribution of water resource. Therefore, the development and usage conditions of the water resource in different regions are different.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Interior Design Conference
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.32-35
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• 2008

If human beings could make friends with nature, it would be a truly wellbeing. This project has selected the design concept under the supposition that human beings and the nature become friends. This residential house, which is consisted of one ground floor and two underground floors, is confronting the mountains that surround the residential complex. Residents can enjoy viewing the mountains from the living room. The garden is created by using this given environment in maximum. The walls are made up with rocks, and a small pond is formed with water from the mountain, presenting another attractive sight. Through the connection rather than the break between mountain and garden, living room and garden, and again garden and mountain, the dialogue with nature was attempted. The water of the pond in the garden flows down along the walls and creates another water space at the gate area of the house. Passing through the entrance, there are a living room, a kitchen, a bedroom for spouses, a common bathroom, and a library on the ground floor. On the second floor, there are two rooms, a bathroom, and a mini living room. The platform of living room on the 1st floor is lowered to produce the comfortable living room with the hearth. From the view of living room, the garden with full feeling of nature can give a good emotional rest for modem people who want the mental relaxation. The marble stones are used as its material to present rich texture and sophisticated image presentation. The hearth in the living room is harmonized with high-tech electronic home appliances and surrounding accessories. On the kitchen, the high-glossy materials are used to express the external appearance neatly and the depository function is more improved for housewives.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.51-65
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• 1995

Conservation of the natural environiment In chosun-Dynasty, Korea, is analysed on the basis of the of official records of the king's offices(Chosun-wangjo-sillok). In the popular ideologies of the dynasty, Seongleehak(philosophy of humanity arid natural laws) and Pungsu (geomancy) , the naturnal enviroment is defined as an entity con-sisting of Cheon (heaven) , San(mnountains) , Su (water), Geumsu (animals)and Chomok (plants) .the notion of Tacksi-Tackmul(being careful to take natural resources at the right time) was one of the Cheonmyung (eavenly decrees) . It was believed that violation of this principle resulted in natural disasters. Sasan(four mountains surrounding Hansungbu-, the capital city, now Seoul) , were strictly preserved according to geomancy practices. In areas other than the capital city, Sanlimcheontack (mountains, forests, rivers and ponds) were con-served for sustained production of building materials especially pinetrees for ship building, foods, firewoods, horses, and orter useful natural resources. Various conservation policy insturuments were adopted. Prunning trees was permitted only in October. Capturing fishes was allowed only after the spawning period. Protection areas were designated in Sasan, Seongjoesiplee (surroundings of the capital city) , Geumsan(protected mountains), Kangmujang(hunting and army training grounds), Sijang(firewood areas), Mokmajang(horse ranches) and Neungyuk(royal tombs) . Activities prohibited for conservation purposes included cutting timbers, burning, building houses or tombs, dumping wastes, farming and breaking up fresh land, grazing, hunting and trespassing. Positive actions for conservation were rituals to Heaven ennoblement of natural elements such as mountians or rivers, planting trees, Boto (supplementing soil on low ridges) , Josan (mounding) and making ponds. Boto, Josan and making ponds were to make ideal terrains for geomancy. Many government bodies and civil servants were engaged in the conservation activities. For example, Sanjik(forest keeper) was a special position with responsibility for forest management.

• Water for future
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• v.52 no.8
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• pp.56-66
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• 2019

Nepal is bestowed with abundant water. With more than 1500 mm average annual rainfall in the country, a vast quantity of underutilized groundwater in the Terai belt, and the water stored in snowcaps in the Himalayas, aquifers in the mountains and glacial lakes, Nepal is potentially in an advantageous position in terms of per capita availability. However, low emphasis in management aspect of water and high emphasis in infrastructural developments related to water resources management has resulted in conversion of water in Nepal from a resource to a burden. The global climate change, reduction in number of rainy days, increase in intensity of rainfall during wet monsoon season, encroachment of river banks for settlement, inadequate release of environmental flows from hydropower plants, and attempt to tame the mighty and high velocity rivers of Nepal have resulted in increasing number of water induced disasters (flood and landslide), rise in conflict between local residents and hydropower developers, higher number of devastating landslides, and in some extreme cases mass migration of residents resulting in climate refugees. There is a ray of hope; the awareness level of the people regarding sustainable use of water resources is increasing, the benefit sharing mechanism is gradually being implemented, the role of interdisciplinary and integrated water resources management is appreciated at a higher level and the level of preparedness against flood and landslides is at a higher degree compared to a couple of decades ago. With the use of renewable energy sources, the possibilities for sustainable and productive use of water are on the rise in Nepal.