• Journal of Auto-vehicle Safety Association
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.20-26
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• 2018

The fatality of rollover accidents in motor vehicle crashes is high despite their low incidence. Through the investigation of a 12-passenger van rollover accident in which 10 passengers were involved, we intend to analyze the correlation between the severity of the injury and the position of the occupants. We collected accident information from medical records, interviews, photo-images of the damaged van, field surveys, and the results of the Korean New Car Assessment Program (KNCAP). Based on the occupants' position, we classified injury sites and estimated injury severity. Passenger injury severity was evaluated by trauma score calculation. The initiation type of the rollover accident was passenger side 'fall-over' and the Collision Deformation Classification (CDC) code for the damaged van was 00TDZO3. The crash of the van involved 10 passengers, with an average age of $16.3{\pm}4.2years$. Few of the occupants had fastened seat belts at the time of the incident, and there was no airbag installed. One patient sustained severe liver injury and another was diagnosed with a fracture of the right humerus. The most common injuries were at the upper extremities and the neck. The average of Injury Severity Score (ISS) was $4.8{\pm}5.9$, and the average ISS of right-seated, mid-seated and left-seated occupants was $7.5{\pm}9.3$, $1.5{\pm}0.7$, and $3.3{\pm}2.1$ respectively (p>0.05). In the rollover (to-passenger side) accident of occupant unfastened, the average ISS of right-seated occupants (near side) was higher, but there was no statistically significant difference.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.91-97
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• 2007

Recently, during the past five years, accidents of gas boiler using city gas have occurred 7.4 times more than those which use LP gas. The number of accidents has increased since the use of city gas boilers has increased. These boiler accidents resulted in 87% death from poisoning of CO, and casualty of the accidents was 4.3 times more than that of other types of accident. Hence this study makes the cause of accidents clear by separation the exhaust tube which is the cause of CO poisoning. Also, this study will establish the safety of heat-resistant silicon through testing the performance of heat-resistant silicon. The experiment showed that common silicon started hardening at $56^{\circ}C$ while the heat-resistant silicon did not begin carbonization until $606^{\circ}C$. Besides at the temperature of $150^{\circ}C$ which is the normal temperature of exhaust tube, common silicon leaked on the pneumatic test after deterioration, but the heat-resistant silicon maintained its original property. With these results, we judge that we can reduce the casualty by CO poisoning if we use the heat-resistant silicon to the connector of he exhaust tube.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.61-71
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• 1993

Pedestrian injury have been the most important cause of death in children 1 to 14 years of age. This study was attempted to analyze the status and factors of the pedestrian safety education for primary school children. The purpose of this study was to provide the baseline study on pedestrian safety education. The data were collected from 313 respondents of 5th grade elementary school children in Seoul during April 26 through May 6, 1993. The data were cross tabulated for percent distribution and analyzed by multiple regression using SAS for personal computer program package. Major findings are as follows: (1) 50% of the respondents had never received any safety education for Pedestrian. The primary provider of pedestrian safety education was parent. (2) Respondents' knowledge on traffic rules, traffic signals, natures of motor vehicle is high(above 88%). (3) Respondents are very negative to the attitude of playing on the street and transversing under d1e overpass(about 80%). (4) 58% of respondents had never played on the street and 49% of respondents had never run on the street. (5) Factors affecting the knowledge of traffic safety was respondents' sex and job of their mothers(p＜0.05). (6) Factors affecting the attitude of traffic safety was economic status(p＜0.01). (7) Factors affecting the practice of traffic safety was education of respondents' fathers. (8) The multiple regression analysis showed that sex was statistically significant in affecting traffic accident of pedestrians (p=0.05). In order to prevent children's traffic accidents, education for pedestrians' safety by both parents and teachers should be strengthened.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.65-83
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• 2006

Objectives: This is one of the first efforts to describe incidence of alcohol-related problems and to identify environmental correlates associated with them among colleges. Methods: Date were collected by a sample of 105 college administrators who are in charge of student affairs in colleges nationwide through self-administrated questionnaire. Both logistic and linear multiple regression analyses were employed to identify the correlates associated with alcohol-related problems. Results: Most of colleges(76.6%) under study reported to have at least one alcohol-related problem in previous years. Interpersonal violence was alcohol-related problem taken placed most frequently, followed by making noise episode, having property damaged and motor vehicle accidents. Logistic regression analysis identified factors associated with incidents of alcohol related problems. They included being private colleges, numbers of prevention activities, product promotion and marketing by alcohol industry and alcohol accessibility to drinking context. Multiple regression analyses showed that correlates associated with numbers of alcohol-related problems included being a private college, being located in rural area, having drinking density, product promotion and availability of alternative activities to drinking. Conclusions: Environmental correlates were associated with incidence of alcohol related problems in colleges nationwide. Policy implications were discussed.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.14 no.11
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• pp.1232-1243
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• 2000

Motor vehicle accidents in rear impacts cause more than fifty percents of drivers to suffer from neck injuries. It is known that most neck injuries are associated with rear-end collisions at a speed lower than 32 km/h and between the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) 1 and AIS 2. Two different types of low speed crash tests such as the frontal barrier and rear moving barrier crashes have been conducted by following the procedure of the Research Committee for Automobile Repairs (RCAR). The injury for the neck and the Head Injury Criteria (HIC) were measured by using the sensors mounted on dummies. We reviewed neck injures and the relationship between the neck and head injuries, and examined the deceleration of the body. Using the experimental test data at the neck, we investigated an improved neck injury criterion Nij. Also, the effects of the position of a head restraint on reducing the frequency and severity of the neck injury in rear-end collisions were investigated.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.139-143
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• 2010

Whiplash injuries often occur in motor vehicle collision accidents. This injury frequently occurs in the cervical region. However, the reason for this has not yet been clarified. In this study, a multi-body neck model with muscles was designed. Some muscles in the model were preloaded; these were previously determined using the concept of the follower load. Cervical spinal vertebrae, discs, and muscles were designed in accordance with the human cervical spine. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of preloads on muscles. The results imply that the whiplash model with preloaded muscles simulates practical situations more closely than models without preloads.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.53 no.12
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• pp.926-934
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• 2015

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), most common respiratory disorder of sleep, is characterized by intermittent partial or complete occlusions of the upper airway due to loss of upper airway dilating muscle activity during sleep superimposed on a narrow upper airway. Termination of these events usually requires arousal from sleep and results in sleep fragmentation and hypoxemia, which leads to poor quality of sleep, excessive daytime sleepiness, reduced quality of life and numerous other serious health consequences. Untreated OSA may cause, or be associated with, several adverse outcomes, including daytime sleepiness, increased risk for motor vehicle accidents, cardiovascular disease, and depression. Various treatments are available, including non-surgical treatment such as medication or modification of life style, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and oral appliance (OA). Skeletal surgery for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) aims to provide more space for the soft tissue in the oropharynx to prevent airway collapse during sleep. Conventional surgical techniques include uvopalatopharyngoplasty(UPPP), genioglossus advancement (GA), and maxillomandibular advancement (MMA). Surgical techniques, efficacy and complications of skeletal surgery are introduced in this review.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.61-69
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• 2018

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a relatively common, but greatly underdiagnosed sleep-related breathing disorder, characterized by recurrent collapse of the upper airway during sleep. OSA has been associated with a variety of cardiometabolic disease, such as hypertension, coronary artery disease, cardiac arrhythmia, cerebrovascular disease and metabolic dysfunction. Neurocognitive impairment, including excessive daytime sleepiness, increased risk of motor vehicle accidents, is also related to OSA. Sleep fragmentation and related arousals during sleep lead to intermittent hypoxia, sympathetic activation, oxidative stress, systemic inflammation and metabolic dysregulation which provide biological plausibility to this pathologic mechanism. Extensive studies demonstrated that OSA is a modifiable risk factor for the above mentioned diseases and oral appliances (OAs), although continuous positive air pressure (CPAP) is a first-line therapy of OSA, are not inferior to CPAP at least in mild OSA, and may be an alternative to CPAP in CPAP-intolerant subjects with OSA. The goal of this article is to provide a current knowledge of pathologic link between OSA and cardiovascular disease, focusing on intermittent hypoxia, sympathetic activation, oxidative stress and metabolic dysregulation. Then, previous epidemiologic studies will be reviewed to understand the causal relationship between OSA and cardiovascular disease. Finally, the effects of OAs will be updated via recent metaanalyses compared to CPAP.

• Annals of Surgical Treatment and Research
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• v.95 no.6
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• pp.340-344
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• 2018

Purpose: Traumatic lumbar hernia is rare, thus making diagnosis and proper treatment challenging. Accordingly, we aimed to investigate the clinical manifestations and proper management strategies of traumatic lumbar hernias. Methods: The medical records of patients with traumatic lumbar hernia treated at Gachon University Gil Hospital from March 2006 to February 2015, were retrospectively reviewed. Results: We included 5 men and 4 women (mean age, 55 years; range, 23-71 years). In 8 patients, most injuries were caused by motor vehicle collisions, including those wherein a pedestrian was struck (5 cases of car accidents, 2 falls, and 1 involving penetrating materials); in 1 patient, the probable cause was severe cough. Eight patients underwent hernia repair surgery (5 open and 3 laparoscopic), and a prosthetic mesh was used in 7 patients. Hernia repairs were elective in 7 patients; emergency hernia repair was performed with right hemicolectomy in 1 patient. No severe complication or recurrence was observed. Only 2 patients had mild complications, such as postoperative seroma. Conclusion: Traumatic lumbar hernia is a relatively rare injury of the posteriolateral abdominal wall. Lumbar hernia should be suspected in patients with high-energy injuries of the torso, and all such patients should undergo abdominopelvic computed tomography. After diagnosis, hernia repair can be electively performed without complications in most cases.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.165-171
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• 2023

Trauma remains a significant healthcare burden, causing over five million yearly fatalities. Notably, the liver is a frequently injured solid organ in abdominal trauma, especially in patients under 40 years. It becomes even more critical given that uncontrolled hemorrhage linked to liver trauma can have mortality rates ranging from 10% to 50%. Liver injuries, mainly resulting from blunt trauma such as motor vehicle accidents, are traditionally classified using the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma grading scale. However, recent developments have introduced the World Society of Emergency Surgery classification, which considers the patient's physiological status. The diagnostic approach often involves multiphase computed tomography (CT). Still, newer methods like split-bolus single-pass CT and contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) aim to reduce radiation exposure. Concerning management, nonoperative strategies have emerged as the gold standard, especially for hemodynamically stable patients. Incorporating angiography with embolization has also been beneficial, with success rates reported between 80% and 97%. However, it is essential to identify the specific source of bleeding for effective embolization. Given the severity of liver trauma and its potential complications, innovations in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches have been pivotal. While CT remains a primary diagnostic tool, methods like CEUS offer safer alternatives. Moreover, nonoperative management, especially when combined with angiography and embolization, has demonstrated notable success. Still, the healthcare community must remain vigilant to complications and continuously seek improvements in trauma care.