• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.439-452
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• 1997

Mothers of handicapped children experience many problems and difficulties related to the child's prolonged dependency and demands for special care. Social support can be identified as stress-relieving factor, social support is considered to decrease the amount of negativeness in an individual or family. This study attempted to identify the level of burden and social support in mothers of children who are handicapped, and to determine whether social support is an effective strategy for burden relief in these mothers. The method used in the study was a correlational descriptive survey using a questionnaire. The subjects for the study were 42 mothers who have the handicapped children, between two to twelve years of age, being treated at S General Welfare House for Handicapped and S Rehabilitation Center in Seoul. The data were collected during 1 month from March 20 to April 20, 1996. The instruments used for this study was a structured questionnaire which was the Burden scale developed by Suh Mihae and Oh Kasil(1993) and the PRQ(Personal Resource Questionnaire) scale developed by Brandt & Weinert(1981). The collected data were analyzed using the SPSS computer program, yielding frequencies, percentiles, means, standard deviations, $x^{2}$-test, Pearson's correlation coefficienct, t-test and ANOVA. The results of this study are as follows ; 1)The range of age in the subjects was $29{\sim}44$ years, the range age in the handicapped children was $2{\sim}12$ years. 2) The mean score of burden, for the mothers of the handicapped children was 2.75(standard deviation was 0.47) of a possible total of 5. 3) The mean score of social support, for the mothers of the handicapped children was 4.99 (standard deviation was 0.59) of a possible total of 7. 4) There was an negative correlations hip between burden level and the social support, but there was no statistically significant correlationship between burden level and the social support(r = -.2252, p = .076) 5) In the general characteristics influencing on the burden level was significantly related with the sex(t = - 2.87, p = .007) and the degree of child's handicap level(F = 11.8680, p = .000l). In the general characteristics influencing on the social support was significantly related with the family(husband) support(F = 3.5199, p = .0240). There were significant differences in the mother's levels of burden depending upon the severity of child's handicap. In other words, the degree of mother's burden was directly proportionate to the degree of child's handicap level. There were significant differences in the mother's levels of social support depending upon the family(husband) support. In conclusion, on the basis of the results of this study, there was no statistically significant correlationship between burden level and the social support. Above results suggest that strategies for the intervention programs in diminishing the mother's burden and reinforcing the social support.

• 모자간호학회지
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.52-67
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• 1994

This study was done to investigate mother's attitude to breast feeding and the type of feeding according to the general characteristics of mother. The study sample consisted of 1696 mothers who had an infant and who were visiting five Hospitals or ten Public Health Centers in Seoul. Data was collected through a question aire from June, 1 to June, 30, 1993. The results are as follows : 1. The types of feeding were artificial feeding 2%), mixed feeding(21.7%) and breast feeding (26.1%). 2. The attitude of mothers to breast feeding was very positive for behavior tendency and cognitive attitude but the emotional attitude was low to moderate. 3. The attitude scores for the mothers were from 27 to 60 and 65% the mothers had scores that were high, 50-60 and mean was 49.86. 4. There was the significance between the general characteristics (type of delivery, obtaining in formation on breast feeding, type of feeding and baby's birth order) and the attitude score of mothers. 5. The attitude scores for the mothers by the general characteristics and type of feeding was not a 2-way interaction but the type of feeding had a main effects.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.113-124
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• 2010

This study analyzed the relationships between home environment, child characteristics and school readiness. In particular, it examined the influence of home environment and child characteristics upon children's school readiness with a focus on attitudes towards and other socio-emotional aspects. 57 children's characteristics, including such items as IQ performance and demographic variables were obtained by means of both individual testing of the child and through a questionnaire given to their parents. Relative levels of school readiness were then rated by teachers. Pearson correlations, and a multiple regression analysis were carried out using the SPSS Win 12.0 program. Our results indicated that (1) school readiness was positively related with mother's job, HOME, the ages of the children, Performance IQ, and Total IQ. (2) The level of the other's education, her job and the child's age was found to significantly predict the level of school readiness.

• Korean Journal of Family Social Work
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• no.23
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• pp.263-302
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• 2008

The study had four purposes as follows; First, the researcher tried to find the characteristics of conflict. Second, the researcher attempted to find the factors influencing the conflict between mother and the eldest son, Third, the study attempted to find the therapist's intervention techniques, which were caused the change of the conflict between mother and the eldest son. Lastly, the study was to find the changed contents of family relationships. The total family counseling was 13 sessions, which included individual and family counseling. The study used constant comparative analysis by using open coding method to find the factors. Also, the researcher used Miles and Huberman's matrix and graphical network display to show the relationships among factors influencing the conflicts between mother and the eldest son. The study found the boundary problem of family, family's undifferentiated ego, dysfunctional communication patterns, and mother's experience from family of origin as factors influencing the conflict between mother and the eldest son. On the other hand, the study found that the therapist used the formation of therapeutic alliance relationship, guide of communication skills, the reflection of repeated pattern, reframing and a metaphor as intervention methods. The result of study revealed that changed level of family relationship, activating functional communication, changed boundary among family members, differentiated ego of family members, and changed cognition as the changed contents of family relationship.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.83-88
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• 2016

Structural differentiation of the connective stalk in giant duckweed, Spirodela polyrhiza, was examined to reveal the anatomical and ultrastructural characteristics within reduced shoot. The study focuses primarily on structural features of the connective stalk (CT), which connect offspring to their mother fronds. Photoautotrophic offspring fronds remained connected by stalks to mother fronds in the reproductive pockets until separation. The CT originated from the meristematic region of the abaxial frond and joined the fronds laterally with two abscission layers. The most notable features of the CT were polymorphic mitochondria, random occurrences of fibrillar structures in intercellular spaces, and great variability in cell wall thickness. Vascular tissues in CTs were highly reduced, demonstrating only a central vascular strand. Grana with 2 to 4 thylakoids and starch grains were found in the chloroplasts. A chlorophyll assay indicated high chlorophyll concentrations in daughter fronds and low concentrations in CTs. The frond and CT, while physically connected to each other, functioned independently. Despite great reduction in S. polyrhiza, the CT has proven to be very efficient for separating offspring from the mother frond, which lends to its capacity for rapid vegetative reproduction. The ultrastructural aspects of CTs in S. polyrhiza were characterized for the first time in this study.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.139-148
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• 1996

In recent year, problems caused by the abuse of drugs hove been analyzed in many cases, especially women's pregnancy. The purchasing of drugs without prescription, the misunderstanding of symptoms of pregnancy(such os vomiting, headache) os other ilnnesses, taking medicine during the pregnancy because of a chronic disease has caused many unfortunate cases Apart from these cases, pregnant women may take several medicines such as anodyne, tranquilizers, hypnotics, and diuretics which also cause critical situations. According to Piper and his colleagues 1987 study, in overage, pregnant women in the United Slates intake 3.1 kinds of additional dregs other than prenatal vitamins and mineral supplements. In those cases, both pregnant women and physicians anticipate inborn deformity. Most drugs which have whole body effects get to the unborn child via the placenta, however, many of these drugs do not have adverse effects(Shepard 1986, 1989). In general, drugs present a stronger effect to unborn children than they do to pregnant women due to the baby's excretion and to the drug metabolism that occurs in the mother's body through the placenta. The effects of dregs on unborn children show different results. depending upon the type of drug, dosage, characteristics. gestational weeks, genetic characteristics of the mother an baby, and many other environmental factors.

• Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.155-165
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the condition, recognition of breast feeding of 273 nurses. Method: Data was collected using a structured questionnaire form April to June 2007. The subjects were 273 nurses in Kyunggido. The data analysis was done with descriptive statistics, $x^2$-test procedures using SPSS/WIN 12.0 PC. Result: There are 23.9% of child day care center, 5.2% of rest room for women, 16.8% of breast feeding room in workplace. Rate of breast-feeding practice was 78.4% of nurses. The reasons why they could not perform the breast-feeding include mother's job(45.4%), lacking breast milk(25.8%). The characteristics of nurses found to be related breast-feeding include age, number of employers. Conclusion: The results showed that the rest supports of the work environment was insufficient to perform breast-feeding in the workplace. These results suggest that nursing intervention for employed mother's breast-feeding practice behavior promotion should focus on characteristics influencing factors on workplace. Also, efficient breast-feeding education program for employed mothers should be developed by continuous qualitative researches based on breast-feeding experiences of employed mothers.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.615-627
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• 1995

The purpose of this study is to identify the difference of value and clothing behavior by generation, and to suggest a [device for family concord by overcoming a generation gap. Data was obtained from 106 families(daughter, mother, and grandmother in one family), of which the daughter was attending Ewha Womans University. And it was analyzed by ANOVA, Duncan.test, x2_test, ANCOVA ant two-way ANOVA. The results of this study were as follows. 1. Each generation showed different values. Mother and grandmother perceived greater importance for each value except political value. 2. Each generation has its own clothing behavior characteristics. Style, silhouette, skirt length, and neckline preferrences were different by generatiorts. In general, mothers and grandmothers showed si mil ar characteristics. Wearing size and subjective feeling for suitability were also different by generation. Finally in consumption behavior, preferred clothing price and expenditure were also differed by generation.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.185-190
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• 2018

This study was conducted to investigate the optimum electrical conductivity (EC) levels of nutrient solution for growth of mother plants and increasing occurrence of daughter plants of strawberry ($Fragaria{\times}ananassa$ Duch. cv. Maehyang) using hydroponics. The mother plants of strawberry were transplanted in cultivation pot ($61{\times}27{\times}18cm$) filled with coir medium on March 22, 2017. Nutrient solution was supplied by the drip tape at $0.6dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ of EC levels for rooting during 11 days. After rooting, the mother plants of strawberry was treated at the EC levels of 0.6, 1.2 or $1.8dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$, respectively. Growth characteristics, such as mother plants and daughter plants of strawberry were measured at 100 days after transplanting. The plant height of mother plant was significantly higher at $0.6dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ treatment, and the crown diameter of mother plant was significantly greater at $1.8dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ treatment. The fresh and dry weights of shoot were higher at both 0.6 and, $1.2dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ treatments. The number of runners was not significantly different in all treatments. The fresh and dry weights of runner were heavier at $0.6dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ than other treatments. The number of daughter plants was the highest, 16.7 at the $1.2dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ treatment. However, the fresh and dry weights of third daughter plant were the heaviest at $0.6dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ treatment. Although the daughter plants were a large of production at $1.2dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ treatment, the low EC levels of strawberry were positive in terms of seedling quality during nursery. These results indicated that growth of mother plant and occurrence of daughter plants were greater at the EC $0.6dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ nutrient solution for hydroponic cultivation of 'Maehyang' strawberry during nursery period.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.921-932
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• 2007

This study is to examine the relationship between their parent-child communication and their reactive characteristics to the PSCD(Parent-Self-Centered-Drawing) test of the Female high-School Students. The study subjects are 209 Female high-School Students, and research tools are PSCD test and a measure of parent-child communication. The data were analyzed with a paired t-test, one-way ANOVA and Scheffe's post-hoc test. Results are as follows. First, they perceived positively communication toward mother more than communication toward father. Second, as for communication toward father according to the subjects' reaction to the father figure, female students show difference in ommission of facial parts, ommission of body parts, balance of body parts, facial expression and positive and negative symbols. Third, as for communication toward mother according to the subjects' reaction to the mother figure, female students show difference in ommission of facial parts, ommission of body parts, balance of body parts, facial expression and negative symbols. Forth, according to the female students' reaction to the self figure, they show different levels of communication toward father and self in regard of facial expression and distance between the figures. On the other hand, they show different levels of communication toward mother with respect to ommission of facial parts, ommission of body parts, balance of body parts, facial expression and distance between the figures. The authors conclude that the PSCD is a useful tool for measuring the level of parent-child communication.