• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제51권2호
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• pp.100-113
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• 2021

Purpose: Previous studies have solely focused on fresh extraction sockets, whereas in clinical settings, alveolar sockets are commonly associated with chronic inflammation. Because the extent of tissue destruction varies depending on the origin and the severity of inflammation, infected alveolar sockets may display various configurations of their remaining soft and hard tissues following tooth extraction. The aim of this study was to classify infected alveolar sockets and to provide the appropriate treatment approaches. Methods: A proposed classification of extraction sockets with chronic inflammation was developed based upon the morphology of the bone defect and soft tissue at the time of tooth extraction. The prevalence of each type of the suggested classification was determined retrospectively in a cohort of patients who underwent, between 2011 and 2015, immediate bone grafting procedures (ridge preservation/augmentation) after tooth extractions at Seoul National University Dental Hospital. Results: The extraction sockets were classified into 5 types: type I, type II, type III, type IV (A & B), and type V. In this system, the severity of bone and soft tissue breakdown increases from type I to type V, while the reconstruction potential and treatment predictability decrease according to the same sequence of socket types. The retrospective screening of the included extraction sites revealed that most of the sockets assigned to ridge preservation displayed features of type IV (86.87%). Conclusions: The present article classified different types of commonly observed infected sockets based on diverse levels of ridge destruction. Type IV sockets, featuring an advanced breakdown of alveolar bone, appear to be more frequent than the other socket types.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2011

Beating or refining is an energy intensive process in paper industry. In India, most of the paper industries blend long fibered softwood pulps with short fibered hardwood or agro based pulps to get the paper properties of competitive level. Refining characteristics of the blend of pulps is very crucial with respect to freeness and strength properties. This study has been carried out to understand the refining behavior of three hardwood pulps and a softwood pulp. The hardwood and softwood pulps are blended in different proportions in two different ways; a) blending after their separate refining, and b) blending before refining followed by mixed refining of the blended pulps. Freeness of pulp, strength, optical and surface properties of paper along with formation have been determined and compared for both the refining methods. The fiber classification of refined pulps was also carried out to analyze the effect of refining method on fiber morphology. The mixed refining of hardwood and softwood pulps marginally affects the fiber morphology in comparison to separate refining of pulps. The strength and other properties of paper prepared from mixed refining of pulps are either better or comparable than those of separately refined pulps.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.437-444
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• 2016

일반적인 부정맥 분류 방법의 경우 심방 박동 수와 관련한 PP간격, P모양의 다양성과 같은 조건을 이용하는데, 잡음으로 인해 정확한 P파의 검출이 어렵기 때문에 잡음의 영향을 비교적 적게 받는 R파를 이용하는 것이 유리하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 R파 중심의 ECG(electrocardiography) 패턴 분석과 템플릿 문턱치를 도입하여 조기수축 부정맥 분류 방법을 제안한다. 이를 위해 형태 연산을 통한 전 처리 과정과 차감 동작 기법을 통해 R파를 검출하였다. 이후 RR 간격의 평균 가중치와 변화율을 이용하여 먼저 조기수축 파형의 패턴을 분류하고, R파의 진폭에 대한 템플릿 문턱값을 통해 조기심실수축과 조기심방수축을 분류하는 알고리즘을 개발하였다. 제안한 방법의 우수성을 입증하기 위해 조기 심방과 심실수축이 30개 이상 포함된 MIT-BIH 6개의 레코드를 대상으로 한 R파의 평균 검출율은 99.77%의 성능을 나타내었고, 조기심실수축과 심방수축 부정맥은 각각 94.91%와 95.76%의 평균 분류율을 나타내었다.

• ALGAE
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.307-330
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• 2013

The genus Cryptomonas is easily recognized by having two flagella, green brownish color, and a swaying behavior. They have relatively simple morphology, and limited diagnostic characters, which present a major difficulty in differentiating between species of the genus. To understand species delineation and phylogenetic relationships among Cryptomonas species, the nuclear-encoded internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2), partial large subunit (LSU) and small subunit ribosomal DNA (rDNA), and chloroplast-encoded psbA and LSU rDNA sequences were determined and used for phylogenetic analyses, using Bayesian and maximum likelihood methods. In addition, nuclear-encoded ITS2 sequences were predicted to secondary structures, and were used to determine nine species and four unidentified species from 47 strains. Sequences of helix I, II, and IIIb in ITS2 secondary structure were very useful for the identification of Cryptomonas species. However, the helix IV was the most variable region across species in alignment. The phylogenetic tree showed that fourteen species were monophyletic. However, some strains of C. obovata had chloroplasts with pyrenoid while others were without pyrenoid, which used as a key character in few species. Therefore, classification systems depending solely on morphological characters are inadequate, and require the use of molecular data.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.47-56
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• 1977

I have investigated and compared the morphology of vascular bundle shown in the section of culm wall of bamboo trees growing on Mt. Jiri which were classified by Grosser and Liese with their methods of morphological classification. The results obtained were as follows: 1. It was shown that there are no b.g.i. types of bamboo classified by Grosser and Liese among the bamboo trees on Mt. Jiri (Phyllostachys and Sasa). 2. As for the thickness of the culm wall in the culm, it was shown that the culm wall of the Phyllostachys becomes thinner in proportion to its nearness to the upper part of the tree, but no distinctive difference appeared in the Sasa. 3. The c, d, and e types of Sasa were the same as those of the Phyllostachys, but there was a vascular bundle type of the a' type, which was quite different from that of the Phyllostachys. 4. It was shown that the a', d, and e types of Sasa were distributed in a zone less than 500m above sea level, but no a' type was distributed in the high mountain area except for the c, d and e types which ranged from 600m to 1000m above sea level. Such facts mean that the vascular bundle sheath has changed in quantity because of the height of mountain. 5. In general, as compared with the Phyllostachys, the Sasa (types a, c, d and e which included a new type a) have fewer vascular bundles. 6. Considering the above results, it is thought that not by the current Sasa classification method based on observation of the the study of Sasa form the outside, but by a new method of classification based on the aspect of the physiological construction as seen from the inside wall is advanced. I believe this new method of classification to be a first step towards an epoch-making methodological advance and encourage the further study of it.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제56권5호
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• pp.708-715
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• 2023

Hybridization is a major production method used to combine beneficial traits from two different species to obtain a potentially dominant trait. In China, Takifugu obscurus and T. rubripes were artificially crossed, and the resulting hybrids had an average body weight 38.06-8.93% higher than that of the parental species, which enabled the hybrids to be grown in freshwater. This study aimed to provide the basic data necessary for the classification of T. obscurus♀×T. rubripes♂ hybrids in terms of economic value and market potential. Morphological comparing the morphology of hybrids and parental species, we discovered that the hybrids had intermediate traits of the parental species. In morphometrics, the hybrid index (HI) value of head length against standard length was close to the trait of T. rubripes, and the HI values of preanal length and predorsal length were close to those of T. obscurus; however, the HI values of nasal length, snout length, length of anal fin, length of pectoral fin, caudal peduncle depth and caudal peduncle length were found to be unique characteristics of the hybrids. Regarding molecular analysis, a 99.8% nucleotide sequence similarity was found between the hybrid and T. obscurus.

• 천문학회보
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.34.1-34.1
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• 2018

We investigate the properties of bright galaxies with various morphological types in Abell 1139 and Abell 2589, using the pixel color-magnitude diagram (pCMD) analysis. The 32 bright member galaxies ($Mr{\leq}-21.3mag$) are deeply imaged in the g and r bands in our CFHT/MegaCam observations, as a part of the KASI-Yonsei Deep Imaging Survey of Clusters (KYDISC). We examine how the features of their pCMDs depend on galaxy morphology and infrared color. We find that the g - r color dispersion as a function of surface brightness (${\mu}r$) shows better performance in distinguishing galaxy morphology, than the mean g - r color does. The best set of parameters for galaxy classification appears to be a combination of the minimum color dispersion at ${\mu}r{\leq}21.2mag\;arcsec-2$ and the maximum color dispersion at $20.0{\leq}{\mu}r{\leq}21.0mag\;arcsec-2$: the latter reflects the complexity of stellar populations at the disk component in a typical spiral galaxy. Moreover, the color dispersion of an elliptical galaxy appears to be correlated with its WISE infrared color ([4.6]-[12]). This indicates that the complexity of stellar populations in an elliptical galaxy is related to its recent star formation activities. From this observational evidence, we infer that gas-rich minor mergers or gas interactions may have usually occurred during the recent growth of massive elliptical galaxies.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2004

본 연구는 지형학적 특성을 고려한 하천 정비 기법에 응용될 수 있는 기존의 외국 하천 분류 체계를 소개, 검토하고 하천의 형태를 표현하는 지형 인자를 이용하여 하천 분류 체계를 개발하는데 목적이 있다. 개발된 분류 체계는 지류의 유입이 없는 하도 구간을 분류 단위로 하였으며 1) 하도의 제약도를 반영하는 곡저폭지수, 2) 평면형을 반영하는 사행도와 3) 하상 재료를 기본적인 지형 인자로 채택하였다. 본 연구의 분류 체계는 전체 24개 유형으로 구성되며, 각각의 하천 유형별로 하곡 지형, 주요 하상 지형, 유수의 지형형성작용 및 교란 요소를 간략하게 제시하였다. 마지막으로 개발된 하천 분류 체계를 이용하여 청미천과 임진강의 하도 구간별 특성을 설명하고 Rosgen 분류 체계와 비교함으로써 본 분류 체계의 적용성을 검토하였다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.2-10
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• 2013

A common failure in endodontic treatment of the permanent maxillary first molars is likely to be caused by an inability to locate, clean, and obturate the second mesiobuccal (MB) canals. Because of the importance of knowledge on these additional canals, there have been numerous studies which investigated the maxillary first molar MB root canal morphology using in vivo and laboratory methods. In this article, the protocols, advantages and disadvantages of various methodologies for in-depth study of maxillary first molar MB root canal morphology were discussed. Furthermore, newly identified configuration types for the establishment of new classification system were suggested based on two image reformatting techniques of micro-computed tomography, which can be useful as a further 'Gold Standard' method for in-depth morphological study of complex root canal systems.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.75-84
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• 1995

Gorgoderidae에 속하는 흡충류는 어류, 양서류 및 파충류 등의 방광에 기생하며 우리 나라의 양서류에서는 Gonodera japonica 1종만이 기록되어 있다가 유와 이(1983)에 의해 Corgoderina bombinae 1종이 신종으로 보고된 바 있다. 본 연구에서는 1989년부터 1994년에 걸쳐 전국 각지에서 채집한 양서류를 대상으로 그들의 방광에 기생하는 윤충류를 조사한 결과 Gorgoder japonica 및 Conoderinc bombinae 2종을 동정하였으며. 분류된 2종에 대한 형태학적인 특징을 기술하고 이들의 분류학적 위치에 대해 상세히 논하였다 G. japonica가 G. cygnoides와 명확히 구별되는 점은 난황선이 깊은 열개에 의해 뚜렷한 여러 개의 엽을 형성하는 점이었다. G. bombinoe는 기존의 종들과 비교한 결과 뚜렷한 종으로서 확인되었으며, 이 종에 대한 국명을 "무당개구리방광흡충"으로 제안한다.