• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.138-143
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• 2001

1. Background Among the clinical application of Sasang Constitutional diagnostic methods, a morphologic study of face is recognized by the Ministry of Health and Welfare as a legitimate Hanbang diagnostic method. But there are some indirect different view about this method. We should criticize this method for the better. 2. Method We criticize the current morphologic study of face by its literature basis, its measurement and its result, compared with ${\ulcorner}$Dongyisoosebowon${\lrcorner}$ and other related literatures. 3. Conclusions We suggest thar the current morphologic study of face is not proper for the clinical application of Sasang Constitutional diagnostic method in the point of the lack of literature basis and the intervention of the examiner's subjectivities.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.30-50
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• 2007

1. Objectives Facial features are the important personal characteristics. As a study of all the standardization research about the morphology of face and head, this study was carried out to find the differences according to sex, age. 2. Methods We have collected 1140 cases of patients of the Sasang constitutional Department of Kyung-Hee Medical Center and Kangnam Kyung-Hee Oriental Hospital. we took pictures their frontal view, lateral view of face and measured height, breaths and projected length of face with Face Features Measurement Program(FFMP) and analyzed shape differences of face according to sex, age. 3. Results We got the morphologic characteristics of face according to sex, age. And we will upgrade the Sasangin Classification System by this Morphologic study of Head and Face. 4. Conclusions 1) The morphologic characteristics of face according to sex (1) A man's head is longer and wider than a woman's in most measurement. (2) A woman's eye is bigger in height than man's. (3) A woman's face is looked full-filled than man's. (4) A man's polion is higher than pupil but a woman's polion is lower than pupil. 2) The morphologic characteristics of face according to age (1) Young age's forehead is longer and higher than old age's. (2) Young age's eyebrow is wider than old age's (3) Young age's eye is bigger in height than old age's (4) Old age's nose is longer, wider and lower than young age's (5) Old age's ear is longer than young age's (6) Old age's bigonial breath is wider than young age's (7) Old age's low face is extinguished than you age's

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.195-207
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• 1999

1. PURPOSE This research is a study on constitutional diagnosis through the external appearances, and for finding shape differences of the hand and foot according to the Sasang Constitution. 2. Method We collected 148 person who were healthy and measured length, breadth, circumference and thickness of their hands and feet with 'The Measurement of R. Martin'. We analyzed shape differences of hand and foot according to the Sasang Constitution and made a certain conclusion. 3. Results and Conclusions We got the morphologic characteristics of hand and foot according to the Sasang Constitution. (1) The physical characteristics. The weight is heaviest in Taeumin. (2) The morphologic characteristics of Hand. (1) The wrist circumference is longest in Taeumin. (2) The finger length / hand length(ratio) is higher Soeumin than Taeumin. (3) The wrist breadth is largest in Taeumin(only male). (4) The wrist breadth is larger Taeumin than Soeumin(only female). (5) The palm length is longer Taeumin than Soyangin(only male). (6) The maximum hand breadth is larger Taeumin than Soeumi (only male). (7) The 2nd, 3rd and 4th finger length is longer Soeumin than Soyangin(only male). (3) The morphologic characteristics of Foot. (1) The foot thickness is thickest in Taeumin. (2) The foot breadth is largest in Taeumin. (3) The ankle circumference is longest in Taeumin(only male).

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.221-270
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• 1998

Objective This research is a study about constitutional diagnosis through the external appearances as a basic principle, and it is for finding shape differences of the ear, eye, nose, mouth according to the Sasang constitution Method We have collected 209 cases of patients of the Sasang Constitutional Department, including employees of the Kyung-Hee Medical Center and took pictures of the frontal view, lateral view, oblique view of face and measured heights, deapth, breadths of ear, eye, nose, mouth with 'The Measurement of R. Martin'. We analyzed shape differences of the face according to the Sasang constitution with certain results Results We got the morphologic characteristics of ear, eye, nose and mouth according to the Sasang constitution as Table 3. -Table 10. Conclusion : 1. The morphologic characteristics of Ear according to the Sasang constitution (1) Morphologic ear length, Physiognomic ear length, Ear lobule length is longer in Taeumin than Soeumin. (2) Physiognomic ear breadth is wider in Taeumin than Soeumin. (3) Physiognomic ear length, lobule length ratio is higher in Taeumin than Soyangin. 2. The morphologic characteristics of Eye according to the Sasang constitution. (1) Inner Palpebral fissure width, 5th Palpebral fissure length, Bizygomatic breadth-Outercanthal distance is the longest in Taeumin (2) Palpebral fissure inclination is widest in Soeumin. (3) Palpebral fissure length is longer in Taeumin than Soeumin. (4) Pupillary diameter ratio is the lowest in Taeumin (5) Palpebral fissure length, width ratio is higher in Soeumin than Taeumin. (6)zygomatic breadth, Bizygomatic breadth-Outercanthal distance ratio is the higher in Taeumin than Soeumin. 3. The morphologic characteristics of Nose according to the Sasang constitution. (1) Nasion depth is deepest in Soyangin. (2) Nasion to pupillary depth is deeper Soyangin than Taeumin. (3) Nasal tip depth, Nostril to Nasalalar depth is deeper Soyangin than Taeumin. (4) Subnasale to Nasalalar depth is the shallowest in Taeumin (5) Nasalalar height is lowest in Soeumin. (6) Nasalalar to Nostril distance is deeper Taeumin than Soeumin. (7) Nasal tip depth, Nasal depth ratio is the highest in Taeumin (8) Nasal depth Nasalalar heightratio is lowest in Soeumin. (9) Midfaceheight, Nasal tip depth ratio is higher Soyangin than Taeumin. 4. The morphologic characteristics of mouth according to the Sasang constitution. (1) Lower mid lip height, Lower philtrum height, Lower quarter lip height, Total middle lip height, Total philtrum height, Total quarter lip height is the shottest in Soyangin. (2) Upper mid lip height, Upper philtrum height is longer in Taeumin than Soyangin (3) Lip inclination is higher in Soeumin than Soyangin. (4) Intercheilion breadth, total height ratio is lowest in Soyangin. (5) Total lip height, Upper philtrum height ratio is higher in Soyangin than Soeumin. (6) Lower lip height Lower quarter lip height ratio is higher in Soyangin than Taeumin. (8) Total lip area is wider in Taeumin than Soyangin.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.507-512
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• 2011

Recently, various new devices have been introduced, which are capable of quickly measuring river hydrodynamic and morphologic features in the very broad riverine area. These devices are changing paradigm of understanding river characteristics in terms of data-driven aspect rather than the conventional numerical modeling approaches based on the limited field observations. This paper demonstrates the representative features and applications of the several recent riverine devices such as ADCP, LSPIV, MBES and ABL. In addition, the paper introduces an example of river information system that incorporates and relates such two- and three-dimensional hydrodynamic and morphologic data on top of geographic information system, where their spatio-temporal variations are also able to be tracked.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.29-46
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• 2000

The clinical application of constitutional Diagnosis is the most important part of Sasang constitutional medicine. It has been studied in various way. The study of morphologic characteristics on the head and face has been identified but didn't considered the Variations of age and sex. For the statistic analysis of the correlation between the sasang constitution and the shape of the face, the head-facial part of 182 cases(the group of throughout the age) and 69 cases(the group of age 30 to 40) were measured by Martin's measurement and analysis of a) the measurement value of height and the component ratio from the Gnathion to each part of face by constitution. b) the measurement value of depth and the component ratio from T-projected to each part of the face by constitution. c) the measurement value of breadth and component ratio between each parts of the facial breadth by constitution. d) the characteristics on each part of face by constitution. e) the result of discriminant analysis about the constitution Authors obtained the results from the study as follows: 1. Taeum-In group is characterized by the value of variables had a tendency to maximum value in throughout the age, the charateristics that the total group show is the shape of face is wide shape in horizontally and flat, the nasal breadth is wider than other constitutions, the lips is narrower than Soyang-In in horizontally and thick shape in vertically, and the biogonial breadth is more developed than other constitutions, so lower face is developed. The charateristics that only the age of 30 40 group show is that the lips is thicker than Soeum-IN. The projection of inter-eyebrows is more projected than Soyang-IN. 2. Soeum-IN group is characterized by the value of variables had a tendency to minimum value in throughout the age. The characteristics that the total group show is the lips is thiner than other constitutions, the breadth of eyes is wider than other constitutions, the difference between sellion and nasal breadth is to be little. The charateristics that only the age of 30 40 group show is that the ratio of upper face in physiognomic face is lager than Soyang-IN. 3. The total age group of Soyang-In is characterized by the shape of face is long in vertically and narrow in horizontally, the total eyebrow breadth and lips and philtrun is wider than other constitutions. The charateristics that only the age of 30 40 group is characterized by the projection of sellion is more projected than Taeum-IN. 4. The values which showed significance in both age group V76, V52, V54, V55, V57, V59, V64, V65, V67, V88, V89, V148, V150, V151, V155, V160, V161, V28, V50, V99, V102, V167, V169, V173, V175, V177, V181 are 27 in all. 5. The values which was significant in the age 30 to 40 group V77, V78, V79, V109, V140, V142, V143, V166, V174 are 9 in all.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.62-74
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• 2007

1. Objectives This study is a pilot study to investigate the Mongolian's morphologic characteristics of face according to Sasang Constitution. 2. Methods We had collected 100 cases of Mongolian and took pictures their frontal view, lateral view of face and measured height, breaths and projected length of face with Face Features Measurement Program(FFMP) and analyzed shape differences of face according to Sasang constitution. 3. Results and Conclusions (1) In the frontal view of female, there were 11 items(total 322 items) significantly different among three constitutions, and in lateral view 13 items(total 191 items). (2) In the frontal view of male, there were 88 items(total 322 items) significantly different among three constitutions, and in lateral view 46 items(total 191 items).

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.101-186
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• 1996

The clinical application of constitutional Diagnosis is the most important part of Sasang constitutional medicine. It has been studied in various way. However, the study of morphologic characteristics on the face is applied for the first time. For quantitative analysis of the correlation between the sasang constitution and the shape of the face, the head-facial part of 170 cases were measured by Martin's measurement and analysis of a) the measurement value of height and the component ratio from the Gnathion to each part of face by constitution. b) the measurement value of depth and the component ratio from T-projected to each part of the face by constitution. c) the measurement value of breadth and component ratio between each parts of the facial breadth by constitution. d) the ratio of square on every part of face by constitution. e) the characteristics on each part of the face by constitution. f) the contour line of the forehead. g) the result of discriminant analysis about the constitution. Authors obtained the results from the study as follows; 1. The characteristics of Taeum-IN (1) The measurement value of Height, Breadth, T-Projected had a tendency to maximum value in general. (2) The value of lower opthal height and the square of lower opthal part was maximum. (3) The value of Pronasal T-projected length and Subnasal T-projected length was minimum, so Taeum-In has characteristics of depression in middle face, nasal part. (4) In the ratio of Breadth, T-Projected, T-Projected was minimum. (5) It was maximum that the square of nose, Alare, Middle face, Lower face and it was minimum that the square of eye. The square of nose, Alare, Middle facc, Lower face was maximum and the square of eye was minimum. (6) The curvature of the eyebrow was minimum. (7) The projection of jaw (Pogonion T-projection length) was maximum. (8) The breadth of eye was minimum. (9) There was a tendency that the projection of the forehead to the right in general. 2. The characteristics of Soeum-In (1) In all cases of projected length the measurement value was minimum. (2) The value of lower opthal height and the square of lower opthal part was minimum. (3) By the Pupulare T-projected length, the value of Pronasal T-projected length and Subnasal T-projected length was minimum, so the Soeum In's face shape is flat. (4) The square of eye, mouth, forehead was maximum and the square of nose, Alare, Middle face, Lower face was minimum. (5) The curvature of the eyebrow was maximum. (6) The projection of mouth was minimum. (7) The jaw was flat. (8) The breadth of eye was maximum. (9) There was a tendency that the projection of the forehead to the left in general. 3. The characteristics of Soyang-In. (1) In most cases of 고경 length the measurement value was minimum. (2) By the Pupulare T-projected length, each ratio of projected length was maximum, so the Soyang-In's face shape has many protrusions (3) In the ratio of Breadth, T-Projected, T-Projected was maximum. (4) The square of mouth was minimum. (5) The inclination of the forehead was minimum. (6) The projection of mouth was maximum. (7) The breadth of eye was minimum. (8) There was a tendency that the projection of the forehead to the left in general. (9) The middle face was protruded. 4. Discriminant about the constitution. According to the result of discriminant, the accuracy probability of discriminant was 85.58% in total and Taeum-In was 90.5%, Soeum-In was 70.8%, Soyang-In was 89.5%. The accuracy probability of discriminant about 3 constitutional group increased by 49.03% than the accident probility 36.55% 5. Suggestion (1) The study which gather and analysis the data should be continued. (2) The study which subdivide the characteristics of each part of the face by the constitution should be continued. (3) The analysis method about Moire should be supplement. (4) The study about the morphologic characteristics of the whole body should be continued. (5) Computer program of constitution diagnosis should be developed. (6) To increase utility of this method, the measurement should be automation.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetic Resonance Society
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.84-95
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of the measurement of corpus callosum (CC) size in the Alzheimer patient by using magnetic resonance (MR) midsagittal image. We performed MR scanning in 20 normal high age group, and in 20 mild cognitive impairment (MCI) group, and in 20 Alzheimer disease (AD) group. The following parameters were employed in AD group: TRITE/FA 6650ms/66ms/$90^{\circ}$, NEX 2, Thickness/Gap 2/0, FOV 220mm. The magnetic field strength was used at 3.0 Tesla. We selected midsagittal image of the brain by using view forum program, measured CC size, which were anteroposterior length, diameter of genu, body, narrowing portion, and splenium. The present study demonstrates that CC size of Alzheimer disease can be useful for clinical assessment concerning the diameter of genu, body, and splenium.

• Journal of the Korean Arthroscopy Society
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.52-57
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• 2003

Purpose : To evaluate the morphologic measurement and microvasculature of the normal human meniscus in Korean and to compare the difference of microvasculature according to the age and anatomical location. Materials and methods : Menisci of 21 cadavers divided into 3 groups according to the age. Each meniscus was divided into 10 parts of which the width and area of microvasculature were measured. Results : The average width of the medial and lateral menisci were $10.49{\pm}02.92mm$ and $10.55{\pm}2.05mm$, respectively. The average area of the microvasculature measured $20.29{\pm}8.44\%$ in the medial meniscus and $18.99{\pm}7.03\%$ in the lateral meniscus. The microvasculature of the medial meniscus was most abundant in the anterior horn and least abundant in the posterior horn (p<0.05). The lateral meniscus showed the most vessels in the posterior horn (p<0.05). The microvasculature of popliteal hiatus was not avascular but hypovascular. The area of microvasculature decreased with increasing age in all parts of the medial meniscus and body and posterior horn of the lateral meniscus (p<0.05). Conclusion : Differences in the anatomical distribution of the vessels were noted of both the medial and lateral menisci. The area of microvasculature generally decreased proportionally with increasing age in both medial and lateral meniscus.