• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.397-410
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• 2000

Skeletal class III had been classified by the position of the maxilla, the mandible, the maxillary alveolus, the mandibular alveolus and vertical development. This morphologic approach is simple and useful for clinical use, but it is insufficient to permit understanding of the pathophysiology of dysmorphoses. The author hypothesizes that there are different patterns of mutual relation of the skeletal components which have contributed pathologic equilibrium of skeletal class III. The purpose of this study are threefold: 1) to classify skeletal class III in subgroups, which can show the architectural characteristics of the deformity, 2) to analyse the craniofacial architecture of each subgroup on etio-pathogenic basis, and 3) to characterize and visualize the pattern as a prototype. Materials used in this study were lateral cephalograms of 106 skeletal class III adults, which were analysed with modified Delaire's architectural and structural analysis. Linear and angular measurements of the individual subject were obtained and cluster analysis was used for the subgrouping. Data were evaluated for verification of the statistical significances. The following results were obtained. 1. By the modified Delaire's architectural and structural analysis and cluster analysis, skeletal class III adults were classified into 7 clusters and presented as prototypes, which could show the pathophysiology of the skeletal architecture 2. There was significant relationship in measurement variables of each cluster, which could reflect characteristics of the skeletal pattern of growth. 3. The flexure of cranial base had a close relationship to the anterior rotational growth of the maxilla and contributes to understand the etio-pathology of skeletal class III. 4. The proportion of craniospinal area in cranial depth, craniocervical angle and vertical position of point Om had a close relationship to rotational growth of the mandible and direction of condylar growth. They contribute to understand the etio-pathology of skeletal class III. In summary, the cranium and the craniocervical area must be considered in diagnosis and treatment planning of dentofacial deformity. And the occlusal plane can be considered as a representative which shows the mutual relationships of the skeletal components.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.483-489
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• 2011

Purpose: Craniofacial structure form results from the adaptation to morphologic and functional changes in their neighboring structures for a mutual balance. The purpose of this study is classification of maxillomandibular complex growth pattern follow by cranial base growth pattern. And this study is identifying the correlation between maxilla-mandibular complex growth pattern and orthodontic criteria. Methods: 142 Class III malocclusion patients had orthognathic surgery at Wonkwang University Dental Hospital during April 2004 to October 2010. Patients were divided into 4 groups and the correlation between cranial base and maxillomandibular growth patterns were evaluated. Results: There was a correlation between cranial base and maxillomandibular growth patterns. Positive relationships were found between the occlusal plane, Incisor mandibular plane angle, mandibular plane, positioning of pogonion and the saddle angle, indicating maxillary growth patterns. Negative relationships were found between SNA, SNB, maxillary incisor angle and saddle angle. Positive relationships were found between the ratio of the anterior and posterior cranium, positioning of pogonion and the percentage of cranial depth indicating mandibular growth patterns. Negative relationships were found between the occlusal plane, maxillary incisor angle, mandibular plane, mandibular angle and cranial depth. Conclusion: Cranial base and maxillofacial growth patterns were correlated and the classification should be adjusted before orthognathic surgery.

• 치과방사선
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.203-212
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• 1988

This study was designed to observe mandibular condyle shape and position in an asymptomatic popular ion. Using Accurad-200 head holder(Denar Corp.) for transcranial radiography of the temporo-mandibular joint region, transcranial radiographs were taken at the centric occlusion and 1 inch mouth opening in 73 males and females who were asymptomatic for TMJ disturbances, had no severe carious or missing teeth, and no history of prosthodontic or orthodontic treatments. Mandibular condyles were classified morphologically at the centric occlusion and evaluated in positional relationship with mandibular fossa and articular eminence at the centric occlusion and 1 inch mouth opening. The results were as follows: 1. In the morphologic classification of mandibular condyle, the convex shape was more prevalent in an asymptomatic population(90.4%), the locally concave shape and wedge shape were 5.5%, 4.1%. 2. At the centric occlusion, the means of joint space were 3.43nm superiorly, 2.17㎜ anteriorly, and 2.61㎜ posteriorly. 3. At the centric occlusion, the mandibular condyles were placed slightly anterior to the center of their fossa. 4. At the 1 inch mouth opening, the mandibular condyles were placed anterior to the articular eminence more than posterior to or below the top of the articular eminence.

• 대한세포병리학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.154-159
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• 1994

Pulmonary giant cell carcinoma is one of the most highly malignant neoplasms of the lung. Although mixed malignant glandular or squamous components may be associated with a giant cell carcinoma, it is a distinct clinical and morphologic entity. We reviewed cytologic presentations of 6 cases of pulmonary giant ceil carcinoma. Cytologically, the single most characteristic feature of giant cell carcinoma was an extremely large, bizarre cancer cell engulfing numerous leukocytes. The nuclei of these cells showed occasional prominent nucleoli, and the cytoplasm was abundant. Giant cells were also seen in other types of pulmonary carcinoma, but the slant cells of this neoplasm could be differentiated from those encountered in undifferentiated large cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma by the abundant cytoplasm, the presence of markedly enlarged nuclei, prominent nucleoli, and a significant degree of phagocytosis. In conclusion, precise diagnosis and classification of lung cancer is imperative because of proved correlation between cell type and prognosis.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.175-188
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• 1988

The purposes of the present study were to describe the vortical and anteroposterior facial dysplasia, and to identify morphologic differences associated with various facial patterns. Anteroposterior dysplasia was classified by traditional Angle's malocclusion classification and according to vertical relationships based on the SN-MP angle, facial pattern was subclassified to 3 vertical groups in each malocclusion group. Each vertical group composed of 20 samples and total 180 samples aged from 9 to 14 years. The results were as follows; 1. The skeletal differences that lead to disportionate lower facial height in vortical and anteroposterior facial dysplasia were closely related to mandibular morphology. 2. Hyperdivergent group, compared with hypodivergent group, demonstrated decrease of SNA and SNB and linguoversion of maxillary and mandibular central incisors in all malocclusion groups. 3. Irrespective of rotation of the jaws, Wits appraisal was a useful measurement in evaluation of relative anteroposterior relationship of maxilla and mandible. 4. As SN-MP angle increased, anterior facial height, especially lower anterior facial height, demonstrated significant increase and intermaxillary space also tended to increase. 5. The correlation coefficients of SN-MP angle and PTFH/ATFH demonstrated the highest value in all malocclusion groups.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제39권6호
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• pp.432-437
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• 2006

Objective : In order to establish the index of degeneration, the authors performed a histochemical study with Safranin-O staining and investigated the occurrence of apoptosis in the human intervertebral disc. Methods : Eighteen intervertebral disc specimens surgically extracted from the patients and two additional specimens from the autopsied cases were stained with Safranin-O for proteoglycan according to a standard protocol. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate- biotin nick end labeling[TUNEL] was used to detect the fragmented DNA known to be associated with apoptotic cell death and classification scheme was formulated for categorization of the degree of Safranin-O staining [normal, moderate reduction, faint] by modification of Makin's histological-histochemical grading. The Kruskal-Wallis H test and Chi-square test were used for statistical analysis. Results : The statistical results showed a significant difference in the mean age between "normal" Safranin-O staining group and the others [19.3 versus 55, 43.4, p=0021]. However, there was no statistically significant correlation between Safranin-O staining and MR grading of disc degeneration. Only six of eighteen surgical specimens and none in autopsies showed positive apoptotic cells in TUNEL staining. Conclusion : The determination of the degree of degeneration in surgically obtained disc tissue per se by histochemical staining or by the degree of apoptosis that corresponds to its morphologic change was not feasible.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.108-120
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• 2004

Object : Patients with facial asymmetry accompanying mandibular prognathism have various causes and clinical features. So, it is difficult to find a satisfactory treatment method functionally and esthetically. Every traditional classification and interpretation to find etiopathogenesis and/or to establish ideal surgical modality has many limitations because it can't be applied simply to various conditions of patients with facial asymmetry accompanying mandibular prognathism. Therefore, we employ a new classification to interpret more details of the morphologic change of mandible and the spatial change of mandible and maxilla. Materials and Methods : Using panoramic X-ray films, PA cephalograms and submentovertex films of 126 patients diagnosed with facial asymmetry accompanying mandibular prognathism as resources, the following results were gathered after analyzing each characteristics through distributing the patterns according to the morphological mandibular asymmetry and mandibular and maxillary spatial asymmetry. Results : Almost frequency of morphological mandibular asymmetry was shown. In case of condyle-ramus elongation and body elongation group, it's frequency was the highest. Higher frequency of compensating vertical growth was shown on the side of over growing maxilla in case of vertical length difference between left and right condyle-ramus. On the other hand, higher frequency of no compensating vertical growth difference between left and right side was shown in case of no vertical length difference in condyle-ramus. Spatial mandibular asymmetry generally occurred when there was no morphological mandibular asymmetry. Correlation between condyle length difference and condyle-ramus length difference between left and right side was very high, but correlation between condyle length difference and body length difference, and correlation between condyle length difference and body vertical length difference was low. Conclusion : In case of patients with facial asymmetry accompanying mandibular prognathism, it is suggested that various pattern of facial asymmetry is occurred by the independent growth of each unit rather than dependent growth of other unit by major growth unit abnormality. Due to the untypical pattern and the various asymmetry occurring according to the changes of each mandibular growth unit, it is considered that an appropriate surgical method should be searched based on the accurate recognition of the each pattern for patients with facial asymmetry accompanying mandibular prognathism.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제40권5호
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• pp.334-341
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• 2010

본 연구의 목적은 한국인과 이집트인의 Angle씨 I급, II급, III급 부정교합군에서 하악치열궁의 크기와 형태적 특성을 상호 비교 분석하고자 하였다. 한국인 부정교합자 368명(114 Class I, 119 Class II, and 135 Class III)과 이집트인 부정교합자 94명(35 Class I, 32 Class II and 27 Class III)을 대상으로 하였다. 치료 전 하악 치열 모형을 복사한 사진에서 13개의 인접한 접촉면에서 가장 협측에 위치한 점들을 좌표화한 후 하악 치아의 두께 자료에 근거하여 임상브라켓 점들을 설정하였고 4개의 선 계측과 2개의 비율을 측정하였다. 치열궁 형태를 tapered, ovoid, squared의 3가지로 분류하여 두 인종 간 분포 특성에 관하여 비교하였다. 이집트인은 한국인보다 대구치 간 폭경과 견치 간 폭경이 유의성 있게 좁았으며 ($p$ < 0.001), 대구치 간 장경과 견치 간 장경이 더 짧았다 ($p$ < 0.001). 이집트인에서는 3가지의 치열궁 형태가 동등한 비율로 나타났으나 ($p$ = 0.46), 한국인에서는 square arch form (46.7%)이 가장 빈번하게 나타났고, tapered arch form이 가장 적게 나타났다(18.8%). 본 연구의 결과는 기성품의 초탄성 호선을 선택할 때 인종 간의 차이에 대한 유익한 정보를 제공할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제46권11호
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• pp.1107-1111
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• 2003

목 적 : 진행된 신경모세포종 환아의 약물치료 후 수술한 예에서 조직변화를 관찰하여 예후와의 상관관계를 알아보고자 이 연구를 시행하였다. 방 법 : 1991년 1월부터 2000년 6월까지 계명대학교 동산병원 소아과에서 진단된 신경모세포종 환아 중 항암치료 후 종양절제를 시행한 6례를 대상으로 하였다. 진단 당시 침생검소견과 항암치료 후 조직소견에서 신경모세포의 분화정도와 핵 모양 및 간질조직의 기질화 양상과 석회와 유무 등을 비교하여 변형된 Shimada 분류에 따라 분류하였다 결 과 : 항암치료 전과 후에 조직소견의 변화를 관찰하였으며 변형된 Shimada 분류에 따라 2가지 예후군으로 분류하였으며, 좋은 예후군 3례 중 2명은 생존해 있으며, 1명은 추적되지 않고 사망한 것으로 추정하였으며, 나쁜 예후군의 3례는 각각 패혈증과 retinoic acid 복용 중 발생한 출혈성 췌장염으로 사망하였다. 결 론 : 항암치료 전과 후에 조직소견의 변화를 관찰하였으며 Shimada 분류에 따라 비교하고, 치료 후 종양세포의 성숙을 관찰하였으며, 좋은 예후군에서 생존수가 많은 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제37권8호
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• pp.684-690
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• 2004

배경: 원발성 흉선상피세포종(primary thymic epithelial neoplasm)은 다양한 생물학적 및 형태학적인 특성을 가진 종격동 종양이다. 이 연구에서는 59예의 흉선종 환자를 새로운 WHO분류에 따라 재분류하고, Masaoka 임상적 병기를 비롯한 여러 가지 임상적인 특성을 분석함으로써 예후에 영향을 미치는 인자를 알아보고 WHO 분류가 독립적인 예후인자가 될 수 있는지를 알아보고자 했다. 대상 및 방법: 1986년 12월부터 2003년 8월까지 계명대학교 동산의료원에서 흉선종으로 진단 받은 후 수술적 치료를 받은 59예를 대상으로 생존율에 영향을 미치는 예후인자를 흉선종의 조직학적 분류(WHO classification)와 임상적 병기(Masaoka's clinical stage) 및 환자의 특성(성별, 나이, 중증근무력증 유무, 종괴의 크기, 종괴의 침습 유무, 재발, 전이)에 따라 분석하였다. 그리고 조직학적 분류와 임상적 병기사이의 연관성을 분석하였다. 결과: 남자는 32예, 여자는 27예였으며 평균연령은 50.1$\pm$14.2세였다. 모든 흉선종은 WHO 분류에 따라 A부터 C까지 재분류하였다. WHO 분류에 따라 Type A는 6명(10.2%)이었고 AB는 7명(11.9%), B$_1$은 7명(11.9%), B$_2$는 10명(16.9%), B$_3$는 7명(11.9%), C는 22명(37.3%)으로 나타났다. 여러 가지 임상적 특성 가운데 다변수 분석을 통해 완전절제(p=0.033)와 주변조직으로의 저침습성(p=0.001)이 좋은 예후와 연관이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 전체 흉선종의 5년 생존율은 53%였으며 WHO 분류에 따른 5년 생존율은 Type A+AB가 92.3%, B$_1$+B$_2$가 70.2%, B$_3$+C가 26.1%로 나타났다. WHO 조직학적 분류와 생존율 사이의 상관관계분석에서 WHO 조직학적 분류는 예후와 통제적으로 유의하게 연관성이 있는 것으로 나타났다(p<0.001). WHO 분류에 따른 Masaoka 임상병기 분석에서도 두 변수가 통계적으로 유의하게 연관성을 가지는 것으로 나타났다(p<0.001). 결론: WHO 분류는 단순한 조직학적인 분류일 뿐만 아니라 흉선종의 생존율에 중요한 영향을 미치며 종양의 침습성을 잘 반영하는 예후인자임을 알 수 있었다.