• 인삼문화
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• 제1권
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• pp.11-27
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• 2019

만주족의 선조인 여진족은 그들이 거주하는 만주의 자연환경에 따라 채집과 수렵활동을 주된 생계수단으로 삼았다. 여진족의 거주지는 대부분 삼림이 울창하고 하천이 발달하여 다양한 동식물의 서식지로는 적합했지만 농경에는 맞지 않았다. 여진족 사회조직 역시 채집과 수렵활동에 적합한 방식으로 형성되었고 그것은 이후 청나라 고유의 사회 군사조직인 팔기제도로 발전했다. 한편 채집과 수렵으로 획득한 자연자원을 주변의 농경사회과 교환하는 일은 여진 사회의 발전에 절대적으로 중요했다. 인삼을 비롯한 만주의 자연자원을 중원의 한인들과 교역하는 일은 오래전부터 있었지만, 대외무역이 여진 사회에 근본적인 변화를 초래할 만큼 확대된 것은 16세기의 현상이었다. 당시 외부에서 유입된 은은 중국 내지의 경제를 활성화시키고 나아가 만주를 비롯한 명의 변경지역의 경제에도 큰 영향을 미쳤다. 만주의 자연환경에 기초한 수렵 채집활동이 16세기에 이르러 중원에서 유입된 은과 조우하여 변경 사회를 자극했고, 분산되어 있던 여진 부락은 경쟁과 통일의 과정을 거쳐 마침내 만주족으로 변모하여 1636년 청나라를 건설하기에 이르렀다. 1644년 만주족은 중원 정복에 성공하고 북경으로 수도를 옮겼다. 중원으로 들어간 후에도 청황실의 만주족은 만주 인삼의 가치를 잊지 않았을 뿐만 아니라 그 이익을 독점하기 위해 많은 노력을 기울였다. 17세기 말까지 만주 인삼은 만주족의 제도인 팔기를 중심으로 운영되었다. 만주에 주둔한 팔기 병사들은 민간인의 출입을 통제하여 인삼의 생산지를 한인의 접근으로부터 보호했다. 만주 인삼의 채취는 황실 내무부, 부트하 울라 총관, 성경상삼기 등 황제에게 직속된 기구에서 담당했다. 이들은 부트하 병정이나 팔기 병정을 파견하여 지정된 장소에서 정해진 액수의 인삼을 채취하여 납부하게 했다. 황실의 귀족만이 만주에 사람을 보내 인삼을 채취할 수 있는 특권을 누렸고, 그조차 엄격히 제한되었다. 18세기도 만주의 인삼은 여전히 국가에 의해 독점적으로 관리되었다. 청의 인삼 정책은 황실의 발상지인 만주와 그 자연자원을 민간인의 침탈로부터 보호하고 만주족 고유의 전통을 유지한다는 원칙에 따라 운영되었다. 동시에 만주의 인삼은 국가의 중요한 재정 수입원으로 개발되었다. 국가가 필요한 만큼의 수입을 징수하기 위해서는 인삼을 대량으로 채취해야 했는데, 부트하 병정이나 팔기 병정을 파견하는 것만으로는 안정적인 인삼세수를 기대할 수 없었다. 그 결과 상인들이 인삼업에 개입하기 시작했고 청의 인삼 정책은 이후 점점 더 상인에 의존하는 방향으로 발전해갔다. 청대 인삼의 국가 독점은 1853년에 공식적으로 중단되었지만, 부유한 상인이 채삼인을 고용하고 인삼을 대신 납부하는 현상은 18세기에 이미 나타나고 있었다. 청대 만주족의 인삼 독점은 사실상 한인 상인의 참여로 유지되었다고 할 수 있다.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.1-19
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• 2013

The market for commercial open source software (OSS) has been rapidly growing with the proliferation of OSS. One way to commercialize OSS is the support model, which has been adopted by leading OSS firms such as Red Hat and JBoss. Despite the growing interest in OSS commercialization, little research has provided OSS support providers with a pricing guideline. In this paper, we examine the optimal pricing strategies for OSS support providers. Our benchmark is a monopoly case in which we investigate a startup software vendor's incentive to choose the OSS support regime over the proprietary one. Then we extend the model to a duopoly case in which OSS under the support regime competes against proprietary software. We characterize the conditions under which the OSS support model is viable under competition. We believe that our results offer insights to the OSS vendors who consider commercializing their OSS with a support model.

• International Journal of Control, Automation, and Systems
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• 제6권5호
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• pp.627-638
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• 2008

With the shift of the electric power industry from a regulated monopoly structure to a competitive market environment, the focus of the transmission expansion planning has been moving from reliability-driven transmission expansion to market-based transmission expansion. In market-based transmission expansion, however, a growing demand for electricity, an increasing number of transmission bottlenecks, and the falling levels of transmission investment have created the need for an incentive to motivate investors. The expectation of profit serves as a motivational factor for market participants to invest in transmission expansion in a competitive market. To promote investment in transmission expansion, there is an increasing need for a systematic method to examine transmission expansion for investment incentives from multiple perspectives. In this paper, the transmission expansion problem in a competitive market environment is formulated from ISO and investors' perspectives. The proposed method uses parametric analysis to analyze benefits for investors to identify the most profitable location and amount for transmission addition. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

• 생약학회지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.163-166
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• 1977

We have compared the metal contents of various ginsengs by atomic absorption spectrometer. Ginseng contains large amounts of K and Na, and small amounts of Mn, Mg, Zn and Cu. While comparing the metal contents of ginseng obtained from various countries, it was found that the Korean ginseng contained large amounts of metal ions. Yet we don't know the pattern of metal contents, but we propose that the difference between various ginsengs is due to soil properties.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제63권7호
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• pp.889-895
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• 2014

Korea electric power industry had been under vertical monopoly but is typically getting restructured for free competition. An ideal pricing system under the competitive market system is 'unbundled pricing system' and 'marginal pricing system', but the current pricing system still adheres to the traditional bundled system and the average cost pricing system. Especially, progressive electricity rates for residential use reflect governmental policy-making which is focused on income redistribution & welfare, industrial supports and energy saving. This study proposes new and reasonable residential electricity pricing systems which are Time-Of-Use (TOU) and Real-Time Pricing (RTP) to reflect variations in the wholesale price of electricity. It also presents examples of various tariffs for residential electricity pricing systems.

• 기술혁신학회지
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.18-35
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• 2000

Universal service policy is the core of telecommunications policy and, therefore, in many countries, governments have been accomplished universal service as the critical goal of telecommunications policy. In the past when the market was under monopoly, the monopolist had the responsibility of supplying for universal service, whereas supply cost complemented through internal assistance. From 1998 when WTO basic telecommunications negotiation took effect, however, telecommunications markets fully opened, it was impossible to supply of universal service under the past system. Therefore, governments of major countries are trying to renew laws and institutions for policies compatible with competition environments. In this paper, I analyse and compare major countries' policies for the universal services and try to find out policy implication for Korea.

• 기술혁신학회지
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• 제1권3호
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• pp.419-435
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• 1998

The telecommunications market in European Union was fully liberalized as schedule except some member countries on and after January 1, 1998. The full liberalization of telecommunications market which will provide lower charges and various services to consumers. At present, the monopoly on voice telephony services is being maintained in five member countries authorized the implementation delay of liberalization. There are still remain many problems, such as pre-selection of carriers, number portability and interconnection, to solve by January 1, 2000. After examining the basic principle of telecommunication regulations and the liberalization trends of EU countries, we review the future assignments and prospects of European Union. finally we suggest implications for telecommunication policy and carriers in Korea.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2000년도 하계학술대회 논문집 A
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• pp.376-378
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• 2000

The current worldwide electricity market introduced competition, which is breaking up the monopoly structure and also enforcing phased structural reform in South Korea. The change of the electricity charge from cost base to price base due to the introduction of the electricity market competition causes consumer to choose a variety of charge schemes and a portion of loads to be affected by this change. Therefore, in order to find a mathematical model of the sensitively-responding-to-price loads and reflect this to the DSM demand management, the price-sensitive load model is needed. Thus, this paper first proposes the composite price-sensitive load model that is expressed as a function of price, presents the methodology to estimate price-sensitive load model at each bus by bus load compositions.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2000년도 하계학술대회 논문집 A
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• pp.10-12
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• 2000

The electric utility industry around the world is undergoing a revolutionary transition from vertically integrated monopoly structure to a competitive industry. Electric market price changes hourly because suppliers and customers participate in a open market competitively. In this paper a web program developed wi function of OPF calculation. This program is re by a perl language. Also We calculated the marginal cost and the congestion charge shadow price resulted from the OPF.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.179-206
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• 2005

The development of information & telecommunication technology and internet-based electronic commerce helps to create a new economic environment. Such an economic environment requires the companies to change themselves, while providing unlimited potential and opportunities to them. Thus, in order to help the companies engaged in a fair and free competition in the electronic market, a fair competition policy needs to be designed and operated. The electronic commerce has not only promote the competition but also impede it. The electronic commerces tend to violate the fair trade than the conventional commerces in terms of differentiation, monopoly, conference, limited competition and intellectual property rights, schumpeterian competition, Alliance competition. With such basic concepts in mind, this study was aimed at reviewing the economic effects of the electronic commerce in the market and addressing the problems involving the application of the fair trade code to the electronic commerce, and thereby, suggesting the insights into our fair competition policy and reform measures.