• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권8호
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• pp.1121-1128
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• 2022

Objective: This study aimed to identify the genetic diversity and population structure of Mongolian horse populations according to the province of residence (Khentii, KTP; Uvs, USP; Omnogovi and Dundgovi, GOP; Khovsgol, KGP) using 14 microsatellite (MS) markers. Methods: A total of 269 whole blood samples were obtained from the four populations (KTP, USP, GOP, KGP) geographically distinct provinces. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was conducted using 14 MS markers (AHT4, ASB2, ASB17, ASB23, CA425, HMS1, HMS2, HMS3, HMS6, HMS7, HTG4, HTG6, HTG7, and VHL20), as recommended by the International Society for Animal Genetics. Capillary electrophoresis was conducted using the amplified PCR products, alleles were determined. Alleles were used for statistical analysis of genetic variability, Nei's DA genetic distance, principal coordinate analysis (PCoA), factorial corresponding analysis (FCA), and population structure. Results: On average, the number of alleles, expected heterozygosity (H_Exp), observed heterozygosity (H_Obs), and polymorphic information content among all populations were 11.43, 0.772, 0.757, and 0.737, respectively. In the PCoA and FCA, GOP, and KGP were genetically distinct from other populations, and the KTP and USP showed a close relationship. The two clusters identified using Nei's DA genetic distance analysis and population structure highlighted the presence of structurally clear genetic separation. Conclusion: Overall, the results of this study suggest that genetic diversity between KTP and USP was low, and that between GOP and KGP was high. It is thought that these results will help in the effective preservation and improvement of Mongolian horses through genetic diversity analysis and phylogenetic relationships.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.887-896
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• 2004

제주말의 혈통보존을 위한 기초자료를 마련할 목적으로 국내에서 사육중인 몽고말 19두를 대상으로 적혈구항원형 및 혈액단백질형의 표현형 분포와 유전자 빈도를 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 적혈구항원형의 표현형은 $A^af$(42.1%), $C^a$(89.5%), $K^-$((84.2%), $U^a$(63.2%), $P^a$(42.1%) $P^-$(42.1%), $Q^c$(31.6%), $Q^-$(31.6%)에서 높은 빈도를 나타냈으며 적혈구항원형 D 시스템의 유전자형은 $D^cgm/dghm$ (15.8%), $D^dghm/dghm$(15.8%), $D^ad/dghm$(10.5%), $D^ade/dghm$ (10.5%)가 높은 빈도 순으로 관찰되었다. 혈액단백질형 7개의 좌위에서는 $AL^{AB}$(52.6%), $AIB^K$( (89.5%), $ES^I$(63.2%), $GC^F$(78.9%), $HB^{BI}$(68.4%),$PGD^F$(84.2%), $TF^{F1R}I$(21.1%), $TF^{F2R}I$(21.1%)로 높은 빈도를 보였으며, $HB^{A2B2}I$(5.3%), $PGD^{DS}I$(5.3%)가 특이하게 관찰되었다. 적혈구항원형의 유전자 빈도를 조사한 결과 $A^a$(0.4211), $C^a$(0.8947), $K^-$(0.8421), $U^a$(0.6316), $P^a$ (0.4474), $Q^c$(0.4474), $D^{dghm}$(0.4211)로 가장 높은 빈도를 보였으며, 혈액단백질형 7개 좌위에 대해서 유전자 빈도를 조사한 결과 $AL^B$(0.6579), $AIB^K$(0.9211), $ES^I$(0.7895), $GC^F$(0.8947), $HB^BI$ (0.7895), $PGD^F$(0.8421), $TF^R$(0.3421)가 높은 빈도로 관찰되었다.

• 복식
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• 제52권7호
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• pp.167-177
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• 2002

This study revolves around the costume of the Naadam festival worn in the opening ceremony. during competition and the costume of the public. their purpose are two fold. First they are to be the main reference for the diverse Mongolian costumes that have been researched. Secondly, they will help us understand better the culture that revolves around Mongolian costumes. The results are as follows : 1) The opening ceremony costume, The opening ceremony starts with a procession of soldiers with 9 flags. The flags are made from the hairs of white horses and they signify peace and tranquility, ever since the beginning of Chinggis Khans time. The costumes resemble a European military uniform 2) The costumes for competition. $\circled1$ Wrestlers' costume comprises of a jacket with sleeves but no front and shorty shorts of red or blue colored silk, a traditional hat and traditional boots. $\circled2$ Archers' costume comprises of their traditional costume, deel, hat and boots. $\circled3$ Horse riders who are usually children wear a comfortable and simple jacket and pants. 3) The costume of the public : The general public that attended the festival were dressed in a western fashion but differ according to different age groups $\circled1$ The costumes of the younger Mongolian : The majority of the men wore traditional costumes that were appropriate to the festival, the women did not as they were more prone to the influence of fads of western cultures and dressed in a more daring fashion. In addition. the children also dressed in a more modem western fashion. $\circled2$ The costumes of the elderly Mongolian : The elderly, oblivious of whatever season it was, were dressed in a more traditional fashion which is the deel.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.347-358
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• 2004

유목문화를 근간으로 하는 몽골에서 말은 중요한 이동수단으로서 목축민들의 특별한 애정과 존중을 받아온 몽골을 대표하는 가축이다. 몽골에서 말은 가축을 흩어짐 없이 사육하고 새로운 초지를 찾아 유목하거나 장거리 이동시 주요한 교통수단으로 사용 되였다. 따라서 말은 몽골의 목축생활 양식과 불가분의 관계를 가지고 있다고 할 수 있다. 한국의 전통사회에서도 말은 교통수단과 군사용 등으로 사용된 중요한 가축이었다. 한국과 몽골의 문화에 등장하는 말은 신승물, 신성성, 의리를 지키고, 충성을 다하는 존재, 재앙을 예시하는 존재, 민중의 이상과 꿈을 실현시켜 줄 수 있는 존재, 정력과 지혜로움, 도약 등의 상징성을 지닌 동물로 묘사되어 있다. 또한 말은 신과 교감하는 천마이며, 신에게 바쳐지는 성물인 헌마로서 존중되었고, 그리고 신성한 존재인 마신으로까지 추앙받는 존재였음을 알 수 있다. 몽골에서 말과 관련된 세시풍속은 말이 출산하는 여름의 첫 달인 인일 '암말의 씨를 내는 의례'에서 시작해서 가을 술일에 '암말을 놓는 의례'로 끝이 난다. 암말의 씨를 내는 의례에서 암말을 놓는 의례에 이르기까지 말과 관련된 몽골의 세시풍속은 가축의 젖과 연관되어 있다. 암말의 씨를 내는 의례는 말이 새끼를 얻는 것을 기념하는 축제로서 이때는 각종 가축의 젖과 유제품이 흔해지는 풍요로운 시기이다. 몽골인들은 가축의 출산을 알리고 축원할 때 주로 가축의 젖을 바치는 풍속을 행한다. 즉, 말이 새끼를 낳는 초여름 새끼가 건강하게 자라서 수가 증가하기를 기원하고, 이와 더불어 유제품이 더 풍부해지기를 기원하면서 길상을 의미하는 흰색 젖의 특상품을 하늘, 대지 그리고 물의 신에게 뿌리는 차찰의식을 거행한다. 차찰의식을 통해 몽골인들은 초원의 풀이 잘 자라고 가축의 수가 증가하여 삶이 풍요로워 지기를 기원하였다. 가을의 '암말을 놓는 의례' 역시 말 젖짜기를 그치면서 다음 해 새끼말들이 많이 태어나서 더 많은 젖과 아이락을 얻기를 기원하는 축제임을 알 수 있다. 한국에서는 통일신라시대 이래로 국가가 주도하는 마제가 개최되었는데, 마조제는 중춘, 선목제는, 중하, 마사제는 중추 등 각각 길일을 택하여 말에게 제사하였다. 이들 제사는 말의 무병과 성장 번식을 기원하는 것을 목적으로 하고 있다. 제주도의 대표적인 목축의례인 백중제 역시 그 해의 목축이 잘되기를 기원하는 제의의 형태로 나타난다. 또한 정월의 첫 말일인 상오일에 장을 담그면 맛이 좋다고 전해진다. 첫 말날 장을 담그면 장맛이 좋다고 하는 것은 말이 콩을 좋아하므로 콩을 원료로 하는 장을 담그는 것이고, 말날에 담근 장은 말피처럼 빛깔이 진하고 맛이 있다는 것이다. 말은 기가 왕성하므로 말날은 먼 길을 나서기에 좋은 날로 믿고 있다. 한국과 몽골의 말과 관련된 세시풍속은 말의 출산과 관련하여 다산과 풍요를 바라는 마음에서 신에게 기원하고 있음을 알 수 있다. 또한 몽골인들이 말 젖을 하늘과 땅에 뿌리는 차찰 의식을 통해 말의 번식과 흰색의 유제품이 풍부해지길 기원하였다면, 한국의 세시풍속은 제천의식을 통해 말의 번식과 무병을 기원하고 있음을 알 수 있다. 같은 북아시아 유목적 태반을 공유하고 있는 몽골과 한국의 목축 관행의 상사 및 상이점, 스텝과 농경지대라는 목축 환경의 상이성과 그를 기반으로 전개되어 온 목축 관행의 역사적인 변용들을 구체적으로 조목조목 따져 밝혀가는 본격적인 연구과제는 시론 차원의 이 논문에서는 일단 문제로만 제기해 두려 한다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.58-63
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• 2024

Mongolian herders rely significantly on grazing their animals, such as goats, sheep, cattle, horses, yaks, and camels, in broad rangelands throughout the year. The availability of appropriate forage, the amount of hay and forage to be kept, and whether the animals will acquire physical strength from the pasture to make it through the impending cold season are all determined by the meteorological conditions of the year. Herders' principal source of income is animals, therefore preventing mortality is a top priority. In Mongolia, meadows are a major element determining cattle live weight. However, in the summer of 2022, Mongolia faced a drought, which resulted in inadequate pastures and starved cattle. Livestock might lose weight in these situations due to a lack of supplemental feeding.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.103-110
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• 2018

Backgrounds: In arid grasslands, wells are subject to heavy trampling and grazing pressure, which can increase vulnerability to local land degradation. To investigate trampling and grazing, we surveyed plant communities at three well sites in the desert steppe of Mongolia, using 1600-m line transects from the wells. The sites (Bshrub, Sshrub, and shrubL) differed by concomitant shrub type (big shrub, small shrub, and shrub-limited) and livestock pressure (light, medium, and heavy). A plant classification scheme based on edibility and morphology (rosette or creeping type) was used to separate grazing and trampling effects on plant communities. Results: Edible plants were dominant at all sites but a fraction of grazing- and trampling-tolerant plants increased in the order Bshrub, Sshrub, and shrubL, following livestock pressure. Clear transition zones from inedible to edible plant groups were recognized but at different locations and ranges among the sites. Trampling-tolerant plants explained 90% of inedible plants at Sshrub with camels and horses, but grazing-tolerant plants prevailed (60%) at shrubL with the largest livestock number. Plant coverage increased significantly along the transects at Bshrub and Sshrub but showed no meaningful change at shrubL. Herbaceous plant biomass showed significant positive and negative trends at Bshrub and shrubL, respectively. Conclusions: Both grazing and trampling can produce larger fractions of inedible plants; in this, camel and horses can have considerable effects on desert-steppe plant communities through trampling.

• 복식
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• 제16권
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• pp.15-42
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• 1991

A nation's culture isn't consisted by the characteristics of the nation only, but it is greatly affected by the geographical features and natural conditions, and it could be also dominated by the continual effect through mutual contact on economic exchange or social problem and political interests with neighboring countries. It is a well known fact that the contact of culture between Korea and Mongolia established under the special political situation that Corea was invaded by Won. But more basically, the Nomad including Mongolia had influenced upon neighboring countries, therefore, our country was also greatly influenced on consisting of our own culture by them. Moreover. the fact that our language belongs to their language's category(mostly Tweigru and Mongolian language) proves that the origin of our culture was deeply related with Mongolia. Accordingly, we could not limit the cultural relation between Korea and Mongolia within a special era. But especially, since unification of China by Mongolia, Won which appeared as a new great nation had dominated Corea for one hundred years, and the Corea's costume culture had a point of conversion to the mongolian. Therefore, this study expects to comment upon the relations of costume between Corea and Mongolia from a view point of Corea's tribute and royal gifts gifts by Mongolia written on the reference literatures. 1) From the ancient times, between our country and Mongolia there has been a direct or indirect exchange caused by the people's movement or invasion due to very closed neighboring. The relations between Corea and Mongolia have started from the mongolia's requests of tribute for the reason why they helped Corea against the Keoran's invasion, and these relation had continued by King Kongmin's age. 2) Mongolia had plundered a tribute such as dress, cereals, horses, military supplies, soldiers, maiden and little girls etc. from Corea, and therefore, a great confusion occurred on political, economic and social fields. And since King Chungyoul of Corea got married with a Princess of Won, the Corea's position was placed as the Buma nation(nation of son in law) and then high class people of Corea preferred to follow the mongolian costume such as Byunbal (pigtail), Ho dress (mongolian dress), Rouges, Chockturi (a kind of formal cap) and Doturak pigtail ribbon, and some have been applied up to date. On the other hand, the custom of Corea had transmitted to the Mongolian nobility, they called it "Corea Yang(style)". 3) The costume of Corea could be divided into three different periods, the first is the period influenced by Tang and Song's regime, the second is affected by the Won's costume and the third is applying the Myung's regime in the end of Corea. The Mongolian dress was based on the Ho dress form and it has been developed through compounding artistic traditional fields and foreign customs in long history. And Mongolia is composed of various tribes, therefore, they have their own dress for each tribe. Our country and Mongolia had a similar dress form based on Ho dress and both used the Chacksukunggo (jacket with small sleeves and slacks) and Seon(line). And the ornaments of costume such as Chockturi, Doturak pigtail ribbon and Rouges had transmitted and fixed down as a traditional wedding garment, but the Rouges has been used by noble women from the ancient times in our country. Since a member of the Society of Korean Costume has visited Mongolia in August 1990 for the first time, I really recognized the neccesity of more detailed study on the costume relation between Korea and Mongolia, and I will proceed with the study on various fields of costume under cooperation of Institute of Oriental Academy of Mongolia.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.261-272
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• 2022

중국의 오랜 역사 과정에서 풍부하고 소중한 소수민족의 전통음악은 형성되었다. 각 민족은 발전 과정에서 독특한 자연환경과 특수한 생활과 생산 방식에 따라 자기만의 세계관과 음악 문화를 만들어 냈다. 클라리넷은 서양 악기로서, 중국에 전래되는 과정에서 중국 소수민족 문화의 영향을 어느 정도 받아왔다. 따라서 음악가들은 중국 소수민족 음악 중의 여러 요소를 표현하는 데에 서양 악기를 사용하는 방법을 모색했다. 본 논문은 중국 소수민족 음악의 요소를 사용하여 창작된 현대 클라리넷 작품 작곡가 왕염의 『목마의 노래』와 작곡가 호벽정의 『파미이지음』을 중심으로 작품의 형성 유래, 작품에 나타난 예술적인 표현 특징 등 두 측면에서 클라리넷에서 표현되는 민족적인 요소를 분석하고자 한다. 구체적으로는 민족음악의 모드 음계, 박자, 리듬과 선율의 표현기법, 그리고 소수민족 전통 악기를 모방한 소리의 특징 등 다섯 가지 내용으로 구성된다. 또한 지역, 생산, 생활, 민족 정서 등과 접목하여 작품에 사용된 타지크족과 몽골족 음악에 나타난 민족문화의 특징을 분석한다. 본 연구는 중국 현대 클라리넷 작품의 음악 스타일을 습득하고자 하는 창작자와 연주자에게 이론적인 근거를 제공하고 서양 악기로 중국 전통 음악을 연주할 더 좋은 방법을 모색하고자 한다.

• 복식
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• 제63권3호
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• pp.1-16
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• 2013

Xiognu people were the first of the Central-Asian nomads to establish a nation in 209 B.C. They always moved around looking for places to breed their animals and fertile grounds, so they wore clothes made of fur and leather and covered their tents with felt from the livestock. This research studies on the literatures, costumes and the achievement of archaeological excavation. Furthermore, to investigate on costumes excavated of Xiongnu, we visited the Mongolian National Museum and the Hermitage Museum. A corn-hat made of felt, a felt hat with ear flaps and a golden crown with a bird on the top were unearthed from a tomb of Xiongnu in Inner mongolia. Women usually wore pigtails, and men wore pigtails or ponytails but they cut their hair short when holding a funeral. Many pigtails discovered in Noyon uul tombs can be considered as their funeral customs. The Xiongnu wore a round or v-neck caftan attached straight sleeves reaching knees in the left folded style, and because they always rode horses, having the length of the caftan not go past their buttocks would have made it more convenient for them. During the period of Western Han, Ho refered to Xiongnu and it became a common name for northern races. They used leather belts and an animal-designed buckle was found. Women commonly rouged their cheeks for a vivid and cute look, and many ornaments were excavated including bracelets, rings and decorations made of gold, silver, copper and jade, among which there were hair ornaments used to identify one's class. A horse pattern with wings and a horn of Golmod T20 was substitution for the Schythian use of deer. Patterns or shape of unearthed articles present in the Xiongnu culture in Noyon uul had a close relationship with Altaic, Greek and Persian cultures. The Xiongnu clothing was made of animals' skin and fur, woolen textiles and felt. It was folded to the left for upper garments, and the pants were adjusted using a belt and shoes were made of leather, which was very suitable for protection against the cold and horse riding. Mobility played a significant role in their clothing.

• 대한원격탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한원격탐사학회 2007년도 Proceedings of ISRS 2007
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• pp.426-429
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• 2007

One of the widely used applications of remote sensing studies is environmental change detection and biodiversity conservation. The study area Hustai Mountain is situated in the transition zone between the Siberian taiga forest and Central Mongolian arid steppe. Hustai National Park carries out one of several reintroduction programs of takhi (wild horse or Equus ferus przewalskii) from various zoos in the world and it represents one of a few textbook examples of successful reintroduction of an animal extinct in the wild. In this paper we describe the results of an analysis on the change of remaining forest area over the 7-year period since Hustai Mountain was designated as a protected area for reintroduction to wild horses. Today the forested area covers approximately 5% of the Hustai National Park, mostly the north-facing slopes above 1400 m altitude. Birch (Betula platyphylla) and aspen (Populus tremula) trees are predominant in the forest. We used Landsat ETM+ images from two different years and multi temporal MODIS NDVI data. Land types were determined by supervised classification methods (Maximum Likelihood algorithm) verified with ground-truthing data and the Land Change Modeler (LCM) which was developed by Clark Labs. Forested area was classified into three different land types, namely the forest land, mountain meadow and mountain steppe. The study results illustrate that the remaining birch forest has rapidly changed to fragmented forest land and to open areas. Underlying causes for such a rapid change during the 15-year period may be manifold. However, the responsible factors appear to be the drying off and outbreak of forest pest species (such as gypsy moth or Lymantria dispar) in the area.