• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.413-418
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• 2006

Sodium hyaluronate (NaHA), water soluble polymer having ultra-high molecular weight, is characterized by using on-line frit inlet asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (FI-AFlFFF) and multiangle light scattering (MALS). This study demonstrates the capability of power programming FI-AFlFFF for the separation of NaHA and the applicability of FI-AFlFFF with MALS for the characterization of molecular weight distribution and their structural information. Since sample injection and relaxation in FI-AFlFFF are achieved by using hydrodynamic relaxation, separation of high molecular weight polymers can be achieved smoothly without halting the separation flow. Experiments are carried out with the two different NaHA products (a raw NaHA sample and a thermally degraded NaHA product) and molecular weight distribution and conformations in solution are determined. Influence of sample filtration on the change of molecular weight distribution is also discussed.

• International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.8-18
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• 2001

The direct simulation Monte Carlo Method is applied to investigate the two-dimensional flow fields of a turbomolecular pump(TMP) in both molecular and transition flow regions. The pumping characteristics of the TMP are investigated for a wide range of the Knudsen number. The maximum of compression ratio and of pumping speed strongly depend on the Knudsen number in transition region, while they weakly depend on the Knudsen number in free molecular flow region. The present numerical results show good agreement with the previously known experimental data. Finally. the results of the single blade row in both molecular and transition regions are used to predict the overall performance of a TMP, which has three kinds of blade with 24-rows.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Machine Tool Engineers
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.45-50
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• 2008

Molecular flows inside a guide block in the OLED(organic luminescent emitting device) deposition process have been simulated using DSMC(direct simulation Monte Carlo) method. Because the organic materials are evaporated under vacuum, molecules flow at a high Knudsen number of the free molecular regime, where the continuum mechanics is not valid. A guide block is designed as a part of the linear cell source to transport the evaporated materials to a deposition chamber, When solving the flows, the inlet boundary condition is proved to affect significantly the whole flow pattern. Thus, it is proposed that the pressure should be specified at the inlet. From the analysis of the density distributions at the nozzle exit of the guide block, it is shown that the longer nozzle can emit molecules more straightly. Finally, a nondimensionalized mass flow profile is obtained by numerical experiments, where various nozzle widths and inlet pressures are tested.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.83-94
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• 2000

The performance of a turbomolecular pump(TMP) in both molecular and transition flow regions is predicted by the numerical solutions of the Boltzmann equation obtained by the direct simulation Monte Carlo method. The compression characteristics of the TMP are investigated for a wide range of the Knudsen number( Kn ). The maximum compression ratios strongly depend on Kn in transition region, while do they weakly on Kn in free molecular flow region. The present numerical results of the single blade row in both molecular and transition regions are used to predict the overall performance of a TMP, which has three kinds of blade with 24-rows.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.1315-1320
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• 2011

Whey protein (WP) is a mixture of proteins, and is of high nutritional values. WP has become an important source of functional ingredients in various health-promoting foods. In this study, size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) and asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AsFlFFF) were used for separation and analysis of whey proteins. It was found that a lab-prepared WP from raw milk is mostly of ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin with small amount of higher molecular weight components, while a commercial whey protein isolate (WPI) powder contains relatively larger amount of components other than ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin, including IgG and protein aggregates. Results suggest that AsFlFFF provides higher resolution for the major whey proteins than SEC in their normal operation conditions. AsFlFFF could differentiate the BSA and Albumin, despite a small difference in their molecular weights, and also was able to separate much smaller amount of aggregates from monomers. It is noted that SEC was able to show the presence of low molecular weight components other than the major whey proteins in the WP samples, which AsFlFFF could not show, probably due to the partial loss of those low molecular weight species through the membrane.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.471-481
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• 2017

As the molecular weight (MW) of urea-formaldehyde (UF) resins had a great impact on their properties, this work was conducted to study effect of analytical parameters of gel permeation chromatography (GPC) on the MW measurement of UF resins. GPC parameters such as flow rate, column, detector temperature, and sample injection temperature were selected to compare number-average molecular weight (Mn), weight-average molecular weight (Mw), molecular weight distribution (MWD) and polydispersity index (PDI) of two UF resins with different viscosities. As expected, UF resin with higher viscosity resulted in greater Mn and Mw than those of low viscosity UF resin. When the flow rate increased, both Mn and Mw of UF resins decreased and MWD became narrower. By contrast, both Mn and Mw increased and MWD became wide when the column, detector, and sample injection temperature increased. The column, detector, and sample injection temperature of $50^{\circ}C$ at a flow rate of $0.5m{\ell}/min$ resulted in the highest MW and broadest MWD for the GPC analysis. These results suggest that the apparent molecular size or a hydrodynamic radius of UF resin molecules dissolved in the mobile phase affect to Mn, Mw and MWD.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetic Resonance Society
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.62-67
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• 2003

MRI of laser-polarized $^{129}$ Xe under continuous flow conditions has recently been used for imaging of porous materials, however, any attempts at using a continuously circulating flow of laser-polarized $^3$He have not been made until now, presumably due to its extremely long spin exchange time (5-10 hrs). Since the inherent NMR sensitivity of $^3$He is 80 times greater than that of $^{129}$ Xe when considering the natural abundance, $^3$He can be expected to be a better nucleus for imaging than $^{129}$ Xe even under continuous flow conditions. In this report, the first MRI with continuously flowing laser-polarized $^3$He is shown for a phantom of Teflon tubing, demonstrating the feasibility of $^3$He imaging under continuous flow.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.443-448
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• 1995

Three anode configurations of six-jet, cone-jet and cylindrical-jet are tested for their analytical performance under power mode operation. The effect of pressure, power and gas flow rate on atomic absorption signals have been studied. The increase of atomic absorption signal of sample element is observed at a fixed pressure in all configurations as the gas flow rate increase up to 300-600 seem, and as the power dissipated in the glow discharge cell increase. The lower the pressure is in the glow discharge cell at a fixed discharge power and argon flow rate, the greater the absorbance of sample element is. The optimum conditions are taken from these data and a calibration curve of Cu in low-alloy steel sample is obtained. In this calibration curve, six-jet configuration shows the best analytical results varies as the sample element.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.125-131
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• 2005

Natural organic matter(NOM) is defined as the complex matrix of organic material and abundant in natural waters. It affects the performance of unit operations for water purification. Several kinds of analytical indicators such as DOC, specific ultraviolet absorbance(SUVA), apparent molecular weight (AMW), fractionation and high performance size exclusive chromatography(HPSEC) have been used to understand characteristics and variations of NOM. This study aims to evaluate the characteristics of NOM in the Geum River system comprising with stream flows and reservoirs. It was identified that SUVA denoting the portion of humic substance in water ranged within 1.60~3.36. Using resin adsorbents, dissolved organic carbon(DOC) was fractionated into three classes: hydrophobic bases(HOB), hydrophobic acids(HOA) and hydrophilic substances(HI). HI dominates in all samples, collectively accounting for more than 62% of the DOC. HOA was the second dominated fraction and it varied considerably but accounted for about 30% of the DOC. The distribution of high molecular weight(HMW) measured by HPSEC being used to determine the molecular weight distribution of aquatic humic substances was 40.1% and 38.7% in reservoir and stream flow, respectively. The distribution of low molecular weight(LMW) in stream flow was 13.2% higher than that in reservoir. And apparent molecular weight less than 1KDa, which include the molecular weight of hydrophilic organic matter, occupied with 69.2% and 68.2% in stream flow and reservoir, respectively. While the molecular weight of 1 to 100 KDa including humic substances ranged with 18.6% and 21.6% in stream flow and reservoir, respectively. Seasonal variation of refractory dissolved organic carbon was similar to that of SUVA.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2007.05b
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• pp.2725-2730
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• 2007

Turbo-type molecular drag pumps ( MDPs ) are used in the liquid crystal display ( LCD ), semiconductor and other thin film industries. Siegbahn ( disk-type ) molecular drag pumps are used as high-pressure stages in the hybrid-type turbomolecular pumps, where they can operate in the viscous, the transition and the free molecular flow regime. In this study is performed to investigate the pumping characteristics of three-stage disk-type molecular drag pump ( DTDP ) in the molecular transition flow region. The experiments are measured using five vacuum pressure gauges in the positions for rotors of DTDP. The test is performed with nitrogen gas ( $N_2$ ).