• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.43-51
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• 2020

For developing a canopy photosynthesis model, an efficient method to measure the photosynthetic rate in a growth chamber is required. The objective of this study was to develop a method for establishing canopy photosynthetic rate curves of romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) with light intensity and CO₂ concentration variables using controlled growth chamber. The plants were grown in plant factory modules, and the canopy photosynthesis rates were measured in sealed growth chambers made of acrylic (1.0 × 0.8 × 0.5 m). First, the canopy photosynthetic rates of the plants were measured, and then the time constants were compared between two application methods: 1) changing light intensity (340, 270, 200, and 130 μmol·m^-2·s^-1) at a fixed CO₂ concentration (1,000 μmol·mol^-1) and 2) changing CO₂ concentration (600, 1,000, 1,400, and 1,800 μmol·mol^-1) at a fixed light intensity (200 μmol·m^-2·s^-1). Second, the canopy photosynthetic rates were measured by changing the light intensity at a CO₂ concentration of 1,000 μmol·mol^-1 and compared with those measured by changing the CO₂ concentration at a light intensity of 200 μmol·m^-2·s^-1. The time constant when changing the CO₂ concentration at the fixed light intensity was 3.2 times longer, and the deviation in photosynthetic rate was larger than when changing the light intensity. The canopy photosynthetic rate was obtained stably with a time lag of one min when changing the light intensity, while a time lag of six min or longer was required when changing the CO₂ concentration. Therefore, changing the light intensity at a fixed CO₂ concentration is more appropriate for short-term measurement of canopy photosynthesis using a growth chamber.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.331-337
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• 2014

Purpose: This is a comparative experimental study on the amount of phoria by the removal time of binocular fusion. In this study, three tests were used for phoria test like Howell test, Thorington test and developed 3D polarizing test. Methods: In this study, it was considered the removal time of binocular fusion for measuring phoria. The three methods were used for measuring quantity of phoria: Howell test, Thorington test and developed 3D Polarizing test. The measurements progressed quickly to avoid eye-strain. So we designed the test charts for marking 3D display modules and the apparatus inserted lenses, like Maddox lens and prism, which are compatible with three phoria tests. The phoria at the moment separation was measured when the binocular fusion was broken through the apparatus and the that at the stable separation was measured when activity of the separated two images like indicated box and figure on horizontal axis stopped. Results: There were statistically significant difference between quantity of phoria at moment separation and that at stable separation. Amount of phoria at moment separation was relatively larger than amount of that at stable separation. In result in exophoria, the quantity of phoria at moment separation was higher than that at stable separation, and in phoria measured by developed 3D polarizing test, it shows the similar results at two condition. Conclusions: For exophoria, the amount of phoria at moment separation of binocular fusion was relatively larger than that at stable separation. The amount of difference between phoria values at moment separation and that at stable separation was alike among three phoria tests. Usually in working, there is no distinction between moment separation and stable separation. But there were definitely the difference between two ways to separate binocular fusion. Therefore, it is need for writing on prescription test name for measuring phoria and condition of separation of binocular fusion.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.368-374
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• 2006

Purpose : The prevalence of obesity in children is increasing rapidly. Epidemiologic studies suggest that obesity induced atherosclerosis may start in childhood. We investigated whether obese children show early abnormalities of the arterial wall and endothelial dysfunction. Methods : Thirty-eight obese children(14-16 years old of age, male, body mass index $29.40{\pm}3.18kg/m^2$) and forty-five age and sex-matched healthy control children(body mass index $18.43{\pm}1.01kg/m^2$) were enrolled. Their carotid artery intima-media thickness(IMT) and brachial artery flowmediated dilation(FMD) response were measured by high-quality ultrasound system, and compliance, distensibility, stiffness index, incremental elastic modulus and wall stress were calculated by equation. In addition, we looked at the relations between these arterial features and metabolic cardiovascular risk factors. Results : The obese children had significantly increased IMT($0.52{\pm}0.09mm$ vs $0.40{\pm}0.07mm$, P< 0.001) and markedly impaired FMD($7.35{\pm}7.78$ percent vs $20.34{\pm}16.81$ percent, P<0.001) than the healthy controls. But the compliance and distensibility were lower, and the stiffness index, incremental elastic modules and wall stress were higher in the obese group than the control group, but not statistically significantly. Body mass index was highly associated with increased IMT(r=0.612, P<0.001) and reduced FMD(r=-0.414, P<0.001). Conclusion : We showed the deleterious effect of child obesity on both early functional and structural atherosclerotic markers. The ultrasonic findings will be used for screening and follow up markers to identify high-risk patients among obese children.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.227-240
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• 2011

New concepts and ideas often result from extensive recombination of existing concepts or ideas. Both researchers and developers build on existing concepts and ideas in published papers or registered patents to develop new theories and technologies that in turn serve as a basis for further development. As the importance of patent increases, so does that of patent analysis. Patent analysis is largely divided into network-based and keyword-based analyses. The former lacks its ability to analyze information technology in details while the letter is unable to identify the relationship between such technologies. In order to overcome the limitations of network-based and keyword-based analyses, this study, which blends those two methods, suggests the keyword network based analysis methodology. In this study, we collected significant technology information in each patent that is related to Light Emitting Diode (LED) through text mining, built a keyword network, and then executed a community network analysis on the collected data. The results of analysis are as the following. First, the patent keyword network indicated very low density and exceptionally high clustering coefficient. Technically, density is obtained by dividing the number of ties in a network by the number of all possible ties. The value ranges between 0 and 1, with higher values indicating denser networks and lower values indicating sparser networks. In real-world networks, the density varies depending on the size of a network; increasing the size of a network generally leads to a decrease in the density. The clustering coefficient is a network-level measure that illustrates the tendency of nodes to cluster in densely interconnected modules. This measure is to show the small-world property in which a network can be highly clustered even though it has a small average distance between nodes in spite of the large number of nodes. Therefore, high density in patent keyword network means that nodes in the patent keyword network are connected sporadically, and high clustering coefficient shows that nodes in the network are closely connected one another. Second, the cumulative degree distribution of the patent keyword network, as any other knowledge network like citation network or collaboration network, followed a clear power-law distribution. A well-known mechanism of this pattern is the preferential attachment mechanism, whereby a node with more links is likely to attain further new links in the evolution of the corresponding network. Unlike general normal distributions, the power-law distribution does not have a representative scale. This means that one cannot pick a representative or an average because there is always a considerable probability of finding much larger values. Networks with power-law distributions are therefore often referred to as scale-free networks. The presence of heavy-tailed scale-free distribution represents the fundamental signature of an emergent collective behavior of the actors who contribute to forming the network. In our context, the more frequently a patent keyword is used, the more often it is selected by researchers and is associated with other keywords or concepts to constitute and convey new patents or technologies. The evidence of power-law distribution implies that the preferential attachment mechanism suggests the origin of heavy-tailed distributions in a wide range of growing patent keyword network. Third, we found that among keywords that flew into a particular field, the vast majority of keywords with new links join existing keywords in the associated community in forming the concept of a new patent. This finding resulted in the same outcomes for both the short-term period (4-year) and long-term period (10-year) analyses. Furthermore, using the keyword combination information that was derived from the methodology suggested by our study enables one to forecast which concepts combine to form a new patent dimension and refer to those concepts when developing a new patent.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.203-219
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• 2011

Previously common users just want to watch the video contents without any specific requirements or purposes. However, in today's life while watching video user attempts to know and discover more about things that appear on the video. Therefore, the requirements for finding multimedia or browsing information of objects that users want, are spreading with the increasing use of multimedia such as videos which are not only available on the internet-capable devices such as computers but also on smart TV and smart phone. In order to meet the users. requirements, labor-intensive annotation of objects in video contents is inevitable. For this reason, many researchers have actively studied about methods of annotating the object that appear on the video. In keyword-based annotation related information of the object that appeared on the video content is immediately added and annotation data including all related information about the object must be individually managed. Users will have to directly input all related information to the object. Consequently, when a user browses for information that related to the object, user can only find and get limited resources that solely exists in annotated data. Also, in order to place annotation for objects user's huge workload is required. To cope with reducing user's workload and to minimize the work involved in annotation, in existing object-based annotation automatic annotation is being attempted using computer vision techniques like object detection, recognition and tracking. By using such computer vision techniques a wide variety of objects that appears on the video content must be all detected and recognized. But until now it is still a problem facing some difficulties which have to deal with automated annotation. To overcome these difficulties, we propose a system which consists of two modules. The first module is the annotation module that enables many annotators to collaboratively annotate the objects in the video content in order to access the semantic data using Linked Data. Annotation data managed by annotation server is represented using ontology so that the information can easily be shared and extended. Since annotation data does not include all the relevant information of the object, existing objects in Linked Data and objects that appear in the video content simply connect with each other to get all the related information of the object. In other words, annotation data which contains only URI and metadata like position, time and size are stored on the annotation sever. So when user needs other related information about the object, all of that information is retrieved from Linked Data through its relevant URI. The second module enables viewers to browse interesting information about the object using annotation data which is collaboratively generated by many users while watching video. With this system, through simple user interaction the query is automatically generated and all the related information is retrieved from Linked Data and finally all the additional information of the object is offered to the user. With this study, in the future of Semantic Web environment our proposed system is expected to establish a better video content service environment by offering users relevant information about the objects that appear on the screen of any internet-capable devices such as PC, smart TV or smart phone.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.90-90
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• 2014

The Immersion Grating Infrared Spectrometer (IGRINS) is the first astronomical spectrograph that uses a silicon immersion grating as its dispersive element. IGRINS fully covers the H and K band atmospheric transmission windows in a single exposure. It is a compact high-resolution cross-dispersion spectrometer whose resolving power R is 40,000. An individual volume phase holographic grating serves as a secondary dispersing element for each of the H and K spectrograph arms. On the 2.7m Harlan J. Smith telescope at the McDonald Observatory, the slit size is $1^{{\prime}{\prime}}{\times}15^{{\prime}{\prime}}$. IGRINS has a plate scale of 0.27" pixel-1 on a $2048{\times}2048$ pixel Teledyne Scientific & Imaging HAWAII-2RG detector with a SIDECAR ASIC cryogenic controller. The instrument includes four subsystems; a calibration unit, an input relay optics module, a slit-viewing camera, and nearly identical H and K spectrograph modules. The use of a silicon immersion grating and a compact white pupil design allows the spectrograph collimated beam size to be 25mm, which permits the entire cryogenic system to be contained in a moderately sized ($0.96m{\times}0.6m{\times}0.38m$) rectangular Dewar. The fabrication and assembly of the optical and mechanical components were completed in 2013. From January to July of this year, we completed the system optical alignment and carried out commissioning observations on three runs to improve the efficiency of the instrument software and hardware. We describe the major design characteristics of the instrument including the system requirements and the technical strategy to meet them. We also present the instrumental performance test results derived from the commissioning runs at the McDonald Observatory.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.306-316
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• 2006

In this study, the effect of the shade level, water flow rate applied to the shades and the temperature of water on the greenhouse cooling was investigated depending on the shade level of 0, 35, 55, 75%, and water flow rate and water temperature by the test on the small wooden frames to find out the low cost cooling method. With increasing of the dry bulb temperature of outside air, the dry bulb temperature in the wooden frames increased. For the frames with the shade and water, inside temperatures of the frames were lower of -0.2$\sim$-1.2$^{\circ}C$ than the temperature of the outside air and higher than the water temperature. For the frames without water, inside temperatures of the frames were higher of 1.7$\sim$4$^{\circ}C$ than the outside and not affected by the shade level very much. The water flow rate and the temperature of the water were not the important factors to decrease the inside temperatures in the frames. The black globe temperature became lower with increasing of shade level. The shade frames with water curtain showed the best cooling effect because of reducing thermal radiation and cooling the plastic film cover. The surface temperatures of the plastic film cover for the water supplied modules became lower with increasing of the shade level. The relative humidity was decreased with the dry bulb temperature in the frame increasing and not affected by the dry bulb temperature of the outside air for the frames with the shade and water.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.266-274
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• 2010

This study aim to investigate fundamentally the growth and physiological responses of tomato plants in responses to two different levels of water deficit, a weak drought stress (-25 kPa) and a severe drought stress (-100 kPa) in soil. The two levels of water deficit were maintained using a micro-irrigation system consisted of soil sensors for the real-time monitoring of soil water content and irrigation modules in a greenhouse experiment. Soil water contents were fluctuated throughout the 30 days treatment period but differed between the two treatments with the average -47 kPa in -25 kPa set treatment and the -119 kPa in -100 kPa set treatment. There were significant differences in plant height between the two different soil water statuses in plant height without differences of the number of nodes. The plants grown in the severe water-deficit treatment had greater accumulation of biomass than the plants in the weak water-deficit treatment. The severe water-deficit treatment (-119 kPa) also induced greater leaf area and leaf dry weight of the plants than the weak water-deficit treatment did, even though there was no difference in leaf area per unit dry weight. These results of growth parameters tested in this study indicate that the severe drought could cause an adaptation of tomato plants to the drought stress with the enhancement of biomass and leaf expansion without changes of leaf thickness. Greater relative water content of leaves and lower osmotic potential of sap expressed from turgid leaves were recorded in the severe water deficit treatment than in the weak water deficit treatment. This finding also postulated physiological adaptation to be better water status under drought stress. The drought imposition affected significantly on photosynthesis, water use efficiency and stomatal conductance of tomato plants. The severe water-deficit treatment increased PSII activities and water use efficiency, but decreased stomatal conductance than the weak water-deficit treatment. However, there were no differences between the two treatments in total photosynthetic capacity. Finally, there were no differences in the number and biomass of fruits. These results suggested that tomato plants have an ability to make adaptation to water deficit conditions through changes in leaf morphology, osmotic potentials, and water use efficiency as well as PSII activity. These adaptation responses should be considered in the screening of drought tolerance of tomato plants.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.235-243
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• 2012

Population dynamics of the American serpentine leafminer, Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess), were observed and modeled in order to compare the effects of air and tomato leaf temperatures inside a greenhouse using DYMEX model builder and simulator (pre-programed module based simulation programs developed by CSIRO, Australia). The DYMEX model simulator consisted of a series of modules with the parameters of temperature dependent development and oviposition models of L. trifolii were incorporated from pre-published data. Leaf surface temperatures of cherry tomato leaves (cv. 'Koko') were monitored according to three tomato plant positions (top, > 1.8 m above the ground level; middle, 0.9 - 1.2 m; bottom, 0.3 - 0.5 m) using an infrared temperature gun. Air temperature was monitored at the same three positions using a self-contained temperature logger. Data sets for the observed air temperature and average leaf surface temperatures were collected (top and bottom surfaces), and incorporated into the DYMEX simulator in order to compare the effects of air and leaf surface temperature on the population dynamics of L. trifolii. The initial population consisted of 50 eggs, which were laid by five female L. trifolii in early June. The number of L. trifolii larvae was counted by visual inspection of the tomato plants in order to verify the performance of DYMEX simulation. The egg, pupa, and adult stage of L. trifolii could not be counted due to its infeasible of visual inspection. A significant positive correlation between the observed and the predicted numbers of larvae was found when the leaf surface temperatures were incorporated into the DYMEX simulation (r = 0.97, p < 0.01), but no significant positive correlation was observed with air temperatures(r = 0.40, p = 0.18). This study demonstrated that the population dynamics of L. trifolii was affected greatly by the leaf temperatures, though to little discernible degree by the air temperatures, and thus the leaf surface temperature should be for a consideration in the management of L. trifolii within cherry tomato greenhouses.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.61-75
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• 2011

A Geographic Information System(GIS) is a system that captures, stores, analyzes, manages and presents data with reference to geographic location data. In the later 1990s and earlier 2000s it was limitedly used in government sectors such as public utility management, urban planning, landscape architecture, and environmental contamination control. However, a growing number of open-source packages running on a range of operating systems enabled many private enterprises to explore the concept of viewing GIS-based sales and customer data over their own computer monitors. K telecommunication company has dominated the Korean telecommunication market by providing diverse services, such as high-speed internet, PSTN(Public Switched Telephone Network), VOLP (Voice Over Internet Protocol), and IPTV(Internet Protocol Television). Even though the telecommunication market in Korea is huge, the competition between major services providers is growing more fierce than ever before. Service providers struggled to acquire as many new customers as possible, attempted to cross sell more products to their regular customers, and made more efforts on retaining the best customers by offering unprecedented benefits. Most service providers including K telecommunication company tried to adopt the concept of customer relationship management(CRM), and analyze customer's demographic and transactional data statistically in order to understand their customer's behavior. However, managing customer information has still remained at the basic level, and the quality and the quantity of customer data were not enough not only to understand the customers but also to design a strategy for marketing and sales. For example, the currently used 3,074 legal regional divisions, which are originally defined by the government, were too broad to calculate sub-regional customer's service subscription and cancellation ratio. Additional external data such as house size, house price, and household demographics are also needed to measure sales potential. Furthermore, making tables and reports were time consuming and they were insufficient to make a clear judgment about the market situation. In 2009, this company needed a dramatic shift in the way marketing and sales activities, and finally developed a dedicated GIS_based market analysis and sales management system. This system made huge improvement in the efficiency with which the company was able to manage and organize all customer and sales related information, and access to those information easily and visually. After the GIS information system was developed, and applied to marketing and sales activities at the corporate level, the company was reported to increase sales and market share substantially. This was due to the fact that by analyzing past market and sales initiatives, creating sales potential, and targeting key markets, the system could make suggestions and enable the company to focus its resources on the demographics most likely to respond to the promotion. This paper reviews subjective and unclear marketing and sales activities that K telecommunication company operated, and introduces the whole process of developing the GIS information system. The process consists of the following 5 modules : (1) Customer profile cleansing and standardization, (2) Internal/External DB enrichment, (3) Segmentation of 3,074 legal regions into 46,590 sub_regions called blocks, (4) GIS data mart design, and (5) GIS system construction. The objective of this case study is to emphasize the need of GIS system and how it works in the private enterprises by reviewing the development process of the K company's market analysis and sales management system. We hope that this paper suggest valuable guideline to companies that consider introducing or constructing a GIS information system.