• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.28 no.8
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• pp.706-716
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• 1995

This study was undertaken to investigate the influence of age and dietary linolenic acid content and the linolenic acid/linoleic acid (LAN/LA) ratio on the brain lipid composition and membrane-bound enzyme, acetylcholinesterase(AchE) activities. AchE was selected as a test case for the relationship between cell lipid composition and cell membrane function. The male rats were fed diets with 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 of LNA/LA ratio within 8% LNA(H-LNA) or 4% LNA(L-LAN) of total fatty acid content for different feeding period(1, 4, 12 month). The fats used s source were sesame oil, perilla oil, soybean oil and beef tallow. The AchE activity of brain crude synaptosomal fraction was reduced with advancing age, showing 20-30% reduction in 12M compared with 1 M, and the P/C ratio was reduced in old rats. In 1 and 4 monthed rats, AchE activites was higher in H-LAN-0.2 and L-LNA-0.2 and 0.4 group. In accordance with rising of AchE activities was higher in H-LNA-0.2 and L-LNA-0.2 and 0.4 group. In accordance with rising of AchE activities, the PC/PE ratio increasedin those groups. Paricularly in L-LNA, the PC/PE ratio increased as the AchE activites for decline of membrane fluidity with increasing cholesterol and decreasing P/C ratio when rats were old. Also, AchE activity increaed with increasing PC/PE ratio which depended on the dietary LNA/LA ratio within each LNA content. Therefore, it is concluded that the lipid composition of cell membrane influenced the AchE activiteis, which was mediated by aging and the modification of dietary LNA/LA ratio.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.29 no.11
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• pp.1505-1513
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• 2000

Objectives : Many surgical procedures have been introduced to a symptomatic lumbar stenosis. Most of these procedures still have been regarded as an extensive surgical intervention with respect to normal aging process of the lumbar spine. We adopted a microsurgical decompression procedure via unilateral exposure as a minimally invasive intervention for symptomatic lumbar stenosis without instability. Materials and Methods : Fifty-seven patients with symptomatic lumbar stenosis underwent microsurgical decompression via unilateral laminotomy between March 1998 and December 1999. The conceptual modification and technical refinements were added to the previously reported microsurgical decompression procedure. Bilateral decompression through a unilateral laminotomy hole was performed in 11 patients. These patients profile also included 9 cases of degenerative spondylolisthesis(Grade I) without instability. Results : Preoperative neurogenic intermittent claudication(NIC) was more notably improved than low back pain, 60% to 82% during the follow-up period. Overall clinical results were excellent in 20(35%), good in 29(51%), fair in 6(11%) and poor in 2(3%). Conclusions : Microsurgical decompression for lumbar stenosis with stable spine provided a satisfactory symptomatic improvement without extensive destruction of the weight-bearing structures and functional mobile segments, even bilateral symptoms existed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.64 no.7
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• pp.97-113
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• 2014

The study aims to determine the significance and characteristics of self-similarity inherent in natural objects or phenomena, the existence of self-similarity in design created by fashion designers, and the traits and internal significance implied in self-similarity and their effects on fashion. The subject of the study is Viktor & Rolf, and the scope of the study is the collections created from 2001 to 2014, which include designs implemented in their early years and those unveiled in the media. Self-similarity means attributes of a fractal structure appearing without change in the original form, even after modification of scale or direction in terms of shape or phenomena. As self-similarity is applied to the arts and design sectors, it leads people to pay attention to fundamental characteristics and intrinsic forms as a factor of expressing a unique creative world. Analysis of Viktor & Rolf collections generated ribbons, overlapping/juxtaposition, side decorations and exaggerated design elements as basic units of self-similarity. These factors had self-similarity rates as high as 84%. Self-similarity was established as design elements formed in the incipient stage were repeated in a certain form, and continued for a long period of time. It served as an element that recognizes design and a fashion designer at the same time. Characteristics of self-similarity appearing in Viktor & Rolf collections can be summarized as homeostasis based on an equivalent relationship, balance based on self-organization, reducibility into essential elements, and uniqueness based on odd shapes. These characteristics influenced the pursuit of consistent brand image, the maintenance of a fashion designer's creative world, the formation of styles and the expression of a fashion designer's identity.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.42 no.8
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• pp.674-682
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• 2014

Radio Frequency Test Set (RFTS) is essential to verify Telemetry, Command & Ranging (TC&R) RF subsystem of both Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) satellite during Assembly Integration & Test (AI&T). The existing RFTS was specialized for each project and needed to be modified for each new satellite. The new design enables RFTS to be used in various projects. The hardware and software was designed considering this and therefore it could be directly used in other projects within a similar test period without modification or inconvenience. It will be also easily controlled, modified, and managed through the extension in modularization according to each function and the use of COTS (commercial on-the-self) and this will improve system reliability. A more reliable RF test measurement is also provided in this new RFTS by using an accurate reference clock signal.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.655-658
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• 2006

Purpose: The main goals of correcting syndactyly of the hand are to form normal web appearance and to prevent motor dysfunction. We modified the original three-square-flap to improve interdigital web space and to reduce the wound healing problem due to tension. Methods: From July 2005 to February 2006, three cases of moderate to minor syndactyly were treated using modified three-square-flap. These flaps were made in such as way that the A flap from dorsal side, the B flap from the interdigital surface, and the C flap from the volar side. We modified the design of dorsal A flap as a hourglass shape instead of square shape to make normal hourglass shaped interdigital web and to reduce the tension of closure with other two flaps(B and C flap). The B and C flap were made as square shape. Results: During 4 to 10 months follow-up period, acceptable esthetic results were obtained without any specific complication, using our modification of the three-square-flap. Conclusion: Our method showed more satisfactory web appearance and was safe to use even in the cases of syndactyly secondary to burns and post-traumatic scars because of excellent blood circulation.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.843-853
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• 2014

In the context of artificial groundwater recharge, a reactive soil column at pilot-scale (4.5 m depth and 3 m in diameter) fed by treated wastewater was designed to evaluate soil filtration ability. Here, as a part of this project, the impact of treated wastewater filtration on soil bacterial communities and the soil's biological ability for wastewater treatment as well as the relevance of the use of multi-bioindicators were studied as a function of depth and time. Biomass; bacterial 16S rRNA gene diversity fingerprints; potential nitrifying, denitrifying, and sulfate-reducing activities; and functional gene (amo, nir, nar, and dsr) detection were analyzed to highlight the real and potential microbial activity and diversity within the soil column. These bioindicators show that topsoil (0 to 20 cm depth) was the more active and the more impacted by treated wastewater filtration. Nitrification was the main activity in the pilot. No sulfate-reducing activity or dsr genes were detected during the first 6 months of wastewater application. Denitrification was also absent, but genes of denitrifying bacteria were detected, suggesting that the denitrifying process may occur rapidly if adequate chemical conditions are favored within the soil column. Results also underline that a dry period (20 days without any wastewater supply) significantly impacted soil bacterial diversity, leading to a decrease of enzyme activities and biomass. Finally, our work shows that treated wastewater filtration leads to a modification of the bacterial genetic and functional structures in topsoil.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.155-173
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• 2018

Chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP) is an unwanted adverse event in any operation. It leads to functional limitations and psychological trauma for patients, and leaves the operative team with feelings of failure and humiliation. Therefore, it is crucial that preventive strategies for CPSP are considered in high-risk operations. Various techniques have been implemented to reduce the risk with variable success. Identifying the risk factors for each patient and applying a timely preventive strategy may help patients avoid the distress of chronic pain. The preventive strategies include modification of the surgical technique, good pain control throughout the perioperative period, and preoperative psychological intervention focusing on the psychosocial and cognitive risk factors. Appropriate management of CPSP patients is also necessary to reduce their suffering. CPSP usually has a neuropathic pain component; therefore, the current recommendations are based on data on chronic neuropathic pain. Hence, voltage-dependent calcium channel antagonists, antidepressants, topical lidocaine and topical capsaicin are the main pharmacological treatments. Paracetamol, NSAIDs and weak opioids can be used according to symptom severity, but strong opioids should be used with great caution and are not recommended. Other drugs that may be helpful are ketamine, clonidine, and intravenous lidocaine infusion. For patients with failed pharmacological treatment, consideration should be given to pain interventions; examples include transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, botulinum toxin injections, pulsed radiofrequency, nerve blocks, nerve ablation, neuromodulation and surgical management. Physical therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy and lifestyle modifications are also useful for relieving the pain and distress experienced by CPSP patients.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.34-41
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• 1998

This study examined the proper roles of dietitian and nurse-teacher in the weight control program (WCP) in schools and the effect of the WCP on subjects with respect to anthropometric measurements, nutrition knowledge, dietary attiude, and behavior changes. The program consisted of six sessions of nutrition education and frequent face-to-face nutrition counseling. Subjects were 22 obese children in the 4th and 5th grade who underwent counseling and 18 obese children in another school who served as a control group. After two months of WCP, obesity index such as .elative body weight (RBW, from 135.7 to 132.5), tricep skinfold thickness (TSFT, from 34.9 to 32.8 mm), and body fat content (from 32.0 to 29.8%) had decreased significantly in the experimental group, while the control group showed no significant differences in these indices. The reductions in obesity indices were maintained in the experimental group except for fat content (32.6%), which returned to its original value within six months. The control group significantly increased fat content in the same period (from 31.2% to 36.2%). Both groups decreased RBW, TSFT, and fat content while midarm circumference and waist/hip ratio remained the same after one year. Subjects' nutrition knowledge was improved with average test scores from 15.1 to 16.7 while nutrition attitude and behavior test scores remained unchanged suggesting that behavior modification may require more time than knowledge acquirement. These results suggest that proper nutrition counseling can initiate weight reduction. However, the maintenance of controlled weight requires changes in attitude and behavior which have not been achieved by the present WCP. The role of school dietitian for WCP in this study was limited to assisting the nurse-teacher in nutrition education. Expansion of dietitian's role in nutrition education and counseling is needed.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.307-320
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• 1996

The enforcement and its effect of weight control program including nutrition education, exercise and behavioral modification therapy during 20 weeks were studied in primary school obese children. The sample consisted of treatment group(n=19) and control group (n=23). To evaluate the effects of weight control program, treatment group took pretest and posttest for nutrition knowledge, attitude and food habits. Nutrient intakes, serum lipid levels and anthropometric values were also measured. After weight control program, body weight of treatment group significantly decreased from 47.0$\pm$9.0kg to 45.9$\pm$8.5kg(p<0.001), but than of control group increased from 47.8$\pm$8.1kg to 49.0$\pm$8.7kg (p$\leq$0.05). Obesity index showed decline of 8.6% for treatment group and gain of 0.7% for control group. After self-control period, body weight and relate index in both groups were increased. For the nutrition knowledge test results, the posttest mean scores of treatment group showed the significant increase(p<0.001). For the attitude toward nutrition and food habit results, the posttest mean scores increased significantly (p<0.05, p<0.01). There was a decline of 28% in serum triglycerides, whereas serum total cholesterol increased 11% of baseline. These findings suggest that well-combined weight control program for obese children may result in a substantial loss of body weight during 14 weeks. In addition, these reuslts indicate that weight redution through weight control program can be a viable approach to help normalize serum lipids in obese children. Finally, these data suggest that it may be important to identify that affect weight loss and maintenance, and to examine how to manipulate these factors in weight control program.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.411-424
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• 2018

This study explores the inelastic behavior of systems with flexible base. The use of a single degree of freedom system (ESDOF) with equivalent ductility to represent the response of flexible base systems is discussed. Two different equations to compute equivalent ductility are proposed, one which includes the contribution of rigid body components, and other based on the overstrength of the structure. In order to asses the accuracy of ESDOF approach with the proposed equations, the behavior of a 10-story regular building with reinforced concrete (RC) moment resisting frames is studied. Local and global ductility capacity and demands are used to study the modifications introduced by base flexibility. Three soil types are considered with shear wave velocities of 70, 100 and 250 m/s. Soil-foundation stiffness is included with a set of springs on the base (impedance functions). Capacity curves of the building are computed with pushover analysis. In addition, non linear time history analysis are used to asses the ductility demands. Results show that ductility capacity of the soil-structure system including rigid body components is reduced. Base flexibility does not modify neither yield and maximum base shear. Equivalent ductility estimated with the proposed equations is fits better the results of the numerical model than the one considering elastoplastic behavior. Modification of beams ductility demand due to base flexibility are not constant within the structure. Some elements experience reduced ductility demands while other elements experience increments when flexible base is considered. Soil structure interaction produces changes in the relation between yield strength reduction factor and structure ductility demand. These changes are dependent on the spectral shape and the period of the system with fixed and flexible base.